FIG. 8.

Gene expression. A 5.0 MHz US signal (14 kPa) was applied six times/day for 51 s/application and maintained in culture for 10 days. The mRNA levels of indicated genes were measured by quantitative real-time–polymerase chain reaction, using specific primers purchased from Applied Biosystems. The GAPDH gene was used as a loading control. Cells from seeded scaffolds that were not subjected to US stimulation served as controls. Data were normalized to the controls and are reported as the mean of three independent estimations with error bars, where an error bar represents one standard deviation (*p<0.05).