Table 3.
Means, Standard Errors, and Unadjusted GEE Coefficients of Alcohol and Psychotropic Medication Use at 3 Time Points for PTSD at 24 Months
| Variables | 12 Months before WTC
|
12 Months after WTC
|
24 Months after WTC
|
PTSD × Time
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SEM | M | SEM | M | SEM | b | SE | p | |
| Binge drinking | |||||||||
| No PTSD | 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.03 | – | – | – |
| PTSD | 0.70 | 0.12 | 0.80 | 0.12 | 0.87 | 0.13 | .09 | .04 | .018 |
| Drinks/drinking day | |||||||||
| No PTSD | 0.94 | 0.05 | 1.04 | 0.06 | 1.28 | 0.07 | – | – | – |
| PTSD | 0.95 | 0.22 | 1.49 | 0.28 | 1.85 | 0.36 | .29 | .13 | .023 |
| Drinks/montha | |||||||||
| No PTSD | 7.11 | 0.49 | 7.54 | 0.49 | 8.78 | 0.52 | – | – | – |
| PTSD | 7.07 | 1.63 | 9.68 | 1.85 | 10.01 | 1.58 | .13 | .07 | .066 |
| Modified CAGE Questionnaire | |||||||||
| No PTSD | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | – | – | – |
| PTSD | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.06 | .04 | .03 | .195 |
| Medication daysa | |||||||||
| No PTSD | 14.58 | 0.85 | 13.73 | 0.82 | 20.35 | 1.16 | – | – | – |
| PTSD | 50.42 | 6.06 | 77.54 | 7.56 | 101.60 | 9.07 | .39 | .12 | .001 |
Note. N = 1,681. GEE = Generalized estimating equation; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; WTC = World Trade Center.
a
Variables were log-transformed for GEE analyses.