Table 13.

Clinical characteristics of the hypertensive crisis

Blood pressure (mmHg)	Usually > 220/120-140 mmHg
Funduscopic findings	Retinal changes grade III (hemorrhages, exudates), or grade IV(papilledema)
Neurologic status	Headache, confusion, somnolence, stupor, visual loss, seizures,focal neurologic deficits, coma
Cardiac findings	Prominent apical pulsation, cardiac enlargement, congestive heartfailure
Renal symptoms	Azotemia, proteinuria, oliguria
Gastrointestinal symptoms	Nausea, vomiting
Hematologic findings	Microangiopathic hemolysis