Table 2.
Summary of functional neuroimaging studies (conducted between 2001 and 2011) on effects of cocaine addiction on brain function that were included in Figs 4 and 5. Studies are grouped by stimulation paradigm into five major categories. Number of cocaine (S) and control (C) subjects, tasks and imaging modality are provided in addition to main results.
| Subjects | Task; modality | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Memory & attention | |||
| Tomasi et al; 2007a | 16S & 16C | Working memory; fMRI | Midbrain, thalamus, VPFC & limbic ↓; prefrontal & parietal ↑ |
| Tomasi et al; 2007b | 14S & 14C | Visual attention; fMRI | Thalamus, parietal and VPFC↓; occipital & prefrontal ↑ |
| Hester et al; 2009 | 16S | Working memory; fMRI | Cocaine cues -> Inf frontal, precuneus, PCC, occipital and cerebellum ↑ |
| Moeller et al; 2010 | 19S & 14C | Working memory; fMRI | Striatum, Thalamus, PFC ↓ |
| Cue-reactivity | |||
| Goldstein et al; 2007b | 14S | Drug/neutral word cues; fMRI | cdACC ↑; VPFC ↓ |
| Goldstein et al; 2009a | 17S & 17C | Drug/neutral word cues; fMRI | ACC ↓ |
| Goldstein et al; 2009b | 15S & 15C | Drug/neutral word cues; fMRI | Midbrain ↑ |
| Volkow et al; 2010b | 24S | Visual cocaine cues; PET MPH | Insula, OFC, Nacc and parahippocampus ↓ MPH attenuates this effect |
| Goldstein et al; 2010 | 13S & 14C | Drug/neutral word cues; fMRI | MPH normalizes ACC hypo-activation |
| Wilcox et al; 2011 | 14S & 16C | Visual cocaine cues; fMRI | ACC and PFC ↑ |
| Decision making | |||
| Bolla et at; 2003 | 13S & 13C | Gambling task; PET | OFC↑; VPFC and DLPFC ↓ |
| Goldstein et al; 2007a | 16S & 13C | Monetary reward; fMRI | Cortical and subcortical regions ↓ |
| Asensio et al; 2010 | 7S | M reward & D2R;PET & fMRI | Low striatal D2R: Thal↓; ACC↑ |
| Inhibition | |||
| Hester et al; 2004 | 15S & 15C | Go/no go task; fMRI | ACC and right PFC ↓ |
| Bolla et al; 2004 | 13S & 13C | Stroop interference; PET | PFC↑; ACC ↓↑ |
| Connolly et al; 2011 | 18S & 9C | Go/NoGo; fMRI | PFC, inferior frontal, cingulate and cerebellum ↑ |
| Other (Stop signal & molecular targets) | |||
| Gorelick et al; 2005 | 17S & 16C | mu-opioid receptor; PET | ACC and anterior frontal ↑ (elevated after 12 weeks abstinence) |
| Li et al; 2008 | 15S & 15C | Stop signal task; fMRI | VPFC ↓ |
| Ghitza et al; 2010 | 25S | mu-opioid receptor; PET & CBT | VPFC and PFC ↑mu-opioid receptor predict treatment outcome |
Arrows indicate activation increases (↑) or decreases (↓).