Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | Intervention (n = 231) | Control (n = 230) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 85 ± 4 | 85 ± 4 | .88 |
| Female, n (%) | 167 (72.3) | 168 (73.0) | .86 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 159 (68.8) | 150 (65.2) | .36 |
| Education <10 years, n (%) | 63 (27.3) | 65 (28.3) | .70 |
| Financial situation difficult, n (%) | 25 (11.0) | 26 (11.3) | .61 |
| Activities of daily living (Older Americans Resources and Services), mean ± SD | 24.5 ± 3.3 | 24.4 ± 3.5 | .62 |
| Health | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 24.8 ± 4.3 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | .74 |
| Mini Nutritional Assessment score ≥12, n (%) | 178 (77.1) | 177 (77.0) | >.99 |
| Cardiological and pulmonary problems, n (%) | 95 (41.1) | 99 (43.0) | .68 |
| Daily pain, n (%) | 70 (30.3) | 70 (30.4) | .93 |
| Sleeping problems, n (%) | 102 (44.2) | 104 (45.2) | .22 |
| Incontinence, n (%) | 61 (26.4) | 79 (34.3) | .06 |
| Amsler-Gitter vision test normal, n (%) | 136 (65.1) | 135 (66.5) | .71 |
| Increase in forgetfulness within previous 3 months, n (%) | 66 (28.6) | 75 (32.6) | .57 |
| Effect of forgetfulness on activities of daily living, mean ± SDa | 24.4 ± 18.1 | 29.3 ± 22.1 | .16 |
| Self-rated health good to excellent, n (%) | 143 (61.9) | 139 (60.5) | .97 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale score <1, n (%) | 185 (80.4) | 182 (79.1) | .73 |
| World Health Organization Quality of Life, mean ± SD | |||
| Total score | 69.6 ± 17.9 | 68.8 ± 16.8 | .60 |
| Physical | 68.6 ± 18.0 | 68.4 ± 16.1 | .91 |
| Psychological | 73.8 ± 14.3 | 72.1 ± 14.3 | .23 |
| Social | 75.7 ± 14.5 | 72.9 ± 14.7 | .04 |
| Environmental | 79.7 ± 13.6 | 79.7 ± 12.7 | >.99 |
| Mobility, n (%) | |||
| Falls within the last 12 months | 86 (37.2) | 100 (43.5) | .17 |
| Walk daily >30 minutes | 158 (83.1) | 151 (84.8) | .53 |
| Timed Up and Go Test time <10 seconds | 68 (30.4) | 62 (28.1) | .59 |
| Tandem stand score ≤1 | 152 (69.4) | 146 (67.0) | .63 |
| Timed 5-chair-rise test ≤18.2 seconds | 171 (85.5) | 164 (83.2) | .54 |
| Use of healthcare services, n (%) | |||
| Home care or district nurse | 51 (22.1) | 55 (23.9) | .48 |
| Family physician >4 visits/yr | 152 (65.8) | 155 (67.4) | .27 |
| Hospitalization within last 12 month | 79 (34.2) | 72 (31.3) | .64 |
| Family support hours/wk, mean ± SD | 21.2 ± 47.0 | 24.1 ± 50.5 | .51 |
SD = standard deviation.
a
Analog scale 0 (no effect) to 100 (very strong effect).