Table 3.

Adjusted^a Hazard Ratios for Cause-Specific Mortality Associated with Glucosamine Supplement Use

Cause of Death	No. of Deaths	Never Use	Former Use		Current Use
		HRb	HRb	95% CIb	HRb	95% CIb
Death from Cardiovascular Disease
Totalc	1,365	1.00	1.12	0.82–1.52	0.88	0.74–1.06
No history at baseline	751	1.00	1.01	0.65–1.55	0.91	0.72–1.14
History at baseline	607	1.00	1.26	0.80–1.97	0.87	0.65–1.17
Death from ischemic heart diseased
Total	755	1.00	1.22	0.81–1.83	0.85	0.66–1.09
No history at baseline	416	1.00	1.02	0.57–1.82	0.93	0.68–1.25
History at baseline	337	1.00	1.45	0.82–2.59	0.69	0.44–1.06
Death from Cancer
Totale	2,436	1.00	1.12	0.89–1.41	0.87	0.76–0.98
No history at baseline	1,357	1.00	1.14	0.84–1.53	0.85	0.71–1.00
History at baseline	1,068	1.00	0.97	0.67–1.39	0.90	0.74–1.09
Death from lung cancer f
Total	683	1.00	0.82	0.49–1.37	0.91	0.70–1.17
No history at baseline	563	1.00	0.69	0.37–1.30	0.92	0.70–1.21
History at baseline	117	1.00	1.27	0.40–4.02	0.84	0.38–1.83
Death from hematopoietic cancerg
Total	274	1.00	1.24	0.64–2.37	0.81	0.53–1.22
No history at baseline	194	1.00	1.19	0.55–2.58	0.69	0.43–1.12
History at baseline	79	1.00	1.10	0.25–4.88	1.36	0.56–3.31
Death from colorectal cancerh
Total	199	1.00	0.44	0.11–1.78	1.34	0.89–2.02
No history at baseline	121	1.00	0.68	0.08–5.48	1.26	0.60–2.65
History at baseline	77	1.00	0.33	0.05–2.39	1.25	0.75–2.07
Death from breast canceri
Total	168	1.00	0.30	0.07–1.23	1.09	0.73–1.62
No history at baseline	43	1.00	.	.	1.06	0.50–2.23
History at baseline	123	1.00	0.38	0.09–1.55	1.09	0.68–1.76
Death from pancreatic cancer j
Total	168	1.00	1.32	0.61–2.84	1.13	0.72–1.78
No history at baseline	144	1.00	1.96	0.94–4.09	1.10	0.69–1.77
History at baseline	24	1.00	N/A		N/A
Death from other cancerse	844	1.00	1.53	1.09–2.13	0.69	0.54–0.87
Death from Other Causes
Totalk	1,294	1.00	0.84	0.60–1.17	0.67	0.56–0.81
Death from respiratory diseasel
Total	472	1.00	0.98	0.53–1.81	0.59	0.41–0.83
No History at baseline	248	1.00	0.80	0.35–1.83	0.62	0.38–0.99
History at baseline	223	1.00	1.33	0.53–3.38	0.55	0.32–0.94

^aAll models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status (married/living together, never married, separated/divorced, widowed), education (≤high school graduate, some college, college/advanced degree), BMI at age 45 (<18.8, 18.5–<25.0 kg/m², 25.0–29.9 kg/m², ≥30.0 kg/m²), number of servings per day of fruits (quartiles), number of servings per day of vegetables (quartiles), average alcohol intake at age 45 (none, <1 drink/day, 1–2 drinks/day, ≥2 drinks/day), self-rated health (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor), mammogram in the last 2 years (yes/no), PSA test in the last 2 years (yes/no), sigmoidoscopy in the last 10 years (yes/no), current use of cholesterol-lowering medication (yes/no), aspirin use past 10 years (none, low, high, missing), non-aspirin NSAID use part 10 years (none, low, high, missing), smoking (never, 1–12.5 pack-years, 12.6–35.0 pack-years, 35.0+ pack-years), history of osteoarthritis or joint pain (yes/no)

^bHR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval

^cAdditionally adjusted for history of history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no, defined as history of heart attack, coronary bypass surgery, angioplasty, stroke, congestive heart failure, or diagnosis of angina), family history of heart attack (no. relatives 0,1,2+), current use of blood pressure medication (yes/no), % of calories from trans fat (quartiles), % calories from saturated fat (quartiles), years of estrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), and years of estrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+)

^dAdditionally adjusted for history of ischemic heart disease (yes/no, defined as history of heart attack, coronary bypass surgery, angioplasty, or diagnosis of angina), family history of heart attack (no. relatives 0,1,2+), current use of blood pressure medication (yes/no), % of calories from trans fat (quartiles), % calories from saturated fat (quartiles), years of estrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), and years of estrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+)

^eAdditionally adjusted for history of cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer (yes/no), family history of cancer (no. relatives 0,1,2+), years of estrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), years of estrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), age at menopause (39 or younger, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55 or older), age at menarche (<=11, 12, 13, 14+), and servings per week of red/processed meat (quartiles)

^fAdditionally adjusted for history of lung cancer (yes/no), family history of lung cancer (no. relatives 0,1,2+), history of emphysema, chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (yes/no), pack-years squared, and years smoked

^gAdditionally adjusted for history of leukemia/lymphoma (yes/no), family history of leukemia/lymphoma (no. relatives 0,1,2, history of any cancer (yes/no), history of rheumatoid arthritis (yes/no), history of fatigue/lack of energy (yes/no)

^hAdditionally adjusted for history of colorectal cancer (yes/no), family history of colorectal cancer (no. relatives 0,1,2+), years of estrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), years of estrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), calcium intake from diet and calcium intake from supplements, and number of servings per week of red/processed meat (quartiles)

ⁱAdditionally adjusted for history of breast cancer (yes/no), family history of breast cancer (no. relatives 0,1,2+), years of estrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), years of estrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+) age at first birth, history of hysterectomy (none, simple, total), age at menopause (age 39 or younger, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55 or older) and age at menarche (<=11, 12, 13, 14+)

^jAdditionally adjusted for history of pancreatic cancer (yes/no), family history of pancreatic cancer (no. relatives 0,1,2+), number of servings per week of red/processed meat (quartiles), and history of diabetes (yes/no)

^kAdditionally adjusted for morbidity score (see footnote c of Table 2), % calories from trans fat (quartiles), % calories from saturated fat (quartiles), years of estrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), years of estrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–10, 10+), age at menopause (age 39 or younger, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55 or older), age at death of father (59 or younger, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, 90 or older), and age at death of mother (59 or younger, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, 90 or older)

^lAdditionally adjusted for history of emphysema, chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (yes/no), history of asthma (yes/no), and history of allergies (yes/no), pack-years squared, and years smoked