Table 4.

Longitudinal associations between one-year changes in inflammatory or metabolic markers and tertiles of change in dietary phylloquinone intake (μg/day)

	Tertile 1	Tertile 2	p	Tertile 3	p	p for trend
C-Peptide (ng/mL)	Ref.	−2.19 (−8.35 to 4.40)	0.505	−6.10 (−12.61 to 0.91)	0.086	0.083
Ghrelin (pg/mL)	Ref.	1.69 (−8.58 to 13.11)	0.758	−15.00 (−24.49 to −4.32)	0.007	0.003
GIP (pg/mL)	Ref.	0.08 (−10.17 to 11.49)	0.989	−12.94 (−22.75 to −1.89)	0.023	0.014
GLP-1 (ng/mL)	Ref.	0.21 (−12.99 to 15.42)	0.977	−17.64 (−29.67 to −3.56)	0.016	0.009
IL-6 (pg/ml)	Ref.	−4.50 (−18.17 to 11.46)	0.559	−27.89 (−39.20 to −14.48)	<0.001	<0.001
Leptin (ng/mL)	Ref.	−7.79 (−15.61 to 0.76)	0.073	−10.26 (−18.62 to −1.03)	0.030	0.044
PAI-1 (ng/mL)	Ref.	−3.06 (−10.65 to 5.17)	0.454	−3.24 (−11.61 to 5.93)	0.476	0.529
Resistin (ng/mL)	Ref.	−2.43 (−11.03 to 7.01)	0.601	−6.66 (−15.71 to 3.35)	0.184	0.180
TNF (pg/mL)	Ref.	−3.96 (−20.47 to 15.98)	0.674	−26.89 (−40.65 to −9.94)	0.003	0.002
Visfatin (ng/mL)	Ref.	−8.08 (−24.73 to 12.24)	0.408	−24.90 (−39.86 to −6.22)	0.012	0.010
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	Ref.	−3.27 (−19.20 to 15.79)	0.716	−7.34 (−23.98 to 12.93)	0.449	0.452
Adipsin (μg/mL)	Ref.	−2.45 (−15.37 to 12.45)	0.732	−7.39 (−20.90 to 8.44)	0.340	0.332

Multivariable linear regression models were used for analysis. Data are given in % of change (95% IC). Models are adjusted for sex, age, change of body-mass-index, smoking (never, current, past), change of total energy intake (kcal/d), change of fibre intake (g/d), change of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake (g/d), physical activity (kcal/d), intervention group, change of Mediterranean Diet Score (%), T2DM and baseline values of each metabolic marker. GIP Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1, IL-6 Interleukin-6, PAI-1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor α.