TABLE 4—
Psychosocial Problems Around the Time of Pregnancy Among Nonmarried and Married Women, by Duration of Cohabitation: The Maternity Experiences Survey, 2006–2007
| Not Married |
Married |
|||||||
| Psychosocial Outcome | Cohabiting 0–2 Years | Cohabiting 3–5 Years | Cohabiting > 5 Years | Pa | Cohabiting 0–2 Years | Cohabiting 3–5 Years | Cohabiting > 5 Years | Pa |
| Among all women | ||||||||
| Intimate partner violence | ||||||||
| % | 11.5 | 6.9 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 2.5 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 5.06 (3.41, 7.50) | 2.88 (1.83, 4.53) | 1.27 (0.68, 2.40) | < .001 | 1.27 (0.71, 2.27) | 1.37 (0.89, 2.11) | 1.00 (Ref) | .21 |
| AORb (95% CI) | 4.64 (2.85, 7.56) | 3.03 (1.82, 5.04) | 1.50 (0.78, 2.90) | < .001 | 1.26 (0.66, 2.40) | 1.37 (0.86, 2.18) | 1.00 (Ref) | .19 |
| AORc (95% CI) | 3.66 (2.21, 6.08) | 2.73 (1.64, 4.53) | 1.28 (0.65, 2.50) | .002 | 1.30 (0.68, 2.46) | 1.36 (0.86, 2.17) | 1.00 (Ref) | .21 |
| Substance use | ||||||||
| % | 11.6 | 8.2 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.7 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 7.71 (4.97, 11.98) | 5.23 (3.26, 8.38) | 2.68 (1.49, 4.83) | < .001 | 0.86 (0.38, 1.92) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.79) | 1.00 (Ref) | .82 |
| AORb (95% CI) | 5.36 (3.06, 9.39) | 3.85 (2.22, 6.65) | 1.96 (1.04, 3.67) | < .001 | 1.26 (0.52, 3.01) | 1.32 (0.75, 2.32) | 1.00 (Ref) | .97 |
| AORc (95% CI) | 5.03 (2.83, 8.94) | 3.70 (2.09, 6.55) | 1.85 (0.96, 3.56) | < .001 | 1.33 (0.56, 3.21) | 1.39 (0.78, 2.48) | 1.00 (Ref) | .84 |
| Postpartum depression | ||||||||
| % | 9.4 | 5.3 | 6.9 | 10.2 | 7.0 | 6.1 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.59 (1.11, 2.26) | 0.85 (0.54, 1.34) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.77) | .17 | 1.75 (1.21, 2.53) | 1.15 (0.85, 1.57) | 1.00 (Ref) | .006 |
| AORb (95% CI) | 1.87 (1.25, 2.80) | 1.05 (0.65, 1.69) | 1.39 (0.88, 2.20) | .35 | 1.85 (1.20, 2.85) | 1.33 (0.95, 1.85) | 1.00 (Ref) | .004 |
| AORc (95% CI) | 1.84 (1.21, 2.80) | 1.09 (0.67, 1.77) | 1.50 (0.94, 2.39) | .64 | 1.81 (1.16, 2.81) | 1.34 (0.95, 1.87) | 1.00 (Ref) | .005 |
| Any psychosocial problem | ||||||||
| % | 28.1 | 18.1 | 12.9 | 13.6 | 11.0 | 9.7 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 3.66 (2.85, 4.70) | 2.06 (1.56, 2.73) | 1.39 (1.00, 1.93) | < .001 | 1.48 (1.08, 2.02) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.47) | 1.00 (Ref) | .02 |
| AORb (95% CI) | 3.74 (2.76, 5.07) | 2.25 (1.65, 3.08) | 1.52 (1.07, 2.16) | < .001 | 1.69 (1.18, 2.41) | 1.31 (1.01, 1.71) | 1.00 (Ref) | .004 |
| AORc (95% CI) | 3.45 (2.53, 4.72) | 2.23 (1.63, 3.05) | 1.50 (1.05, 2.15) | < .001 | 1.70 (1.19, 2.45) | 1.34 (1.02, 1.75) | 1.00 (Ref) | .005 |
| Among women without prepregnancy depression | ||||||||
| Postpartum depression | ||||||||
| % | 7.2 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 8.5 | 5.7 | 5.4 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.37 (0.88, 2.12) | 0.80 (0.46, 138) | 1.15 (0.70, 1.90) | .55 | 1.61 (1.03, 2.52) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.50) | 1.00 (Ref) | .08 |
| AORb (95% CI) | 2.12 (1.26, 3.56) | 1.33 (0.75, 2.38) | 1.83 (1.07, 3.13) | .71 | 1.49 (0.88, 2.53) | 1.20 (0.81, 1.78) | 1.00 (Ref) | .17 |
| AORc (95% CI) | 1.84 (1.08, 3.14) | 1.28 (0.71, 2.31) | 1.76 (1.02, 3.05) | .82 | 1.45 (0.84, 2.50) | 1.21 (0.81, 1.80) | 1.00 (Ref) | .26 |
| Any psychosocial problem | ||||||||
| % | 24.0 | 17.3 | 10.3 | 10.9 | 9.1 | 8.8 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 3.27 (2.44, 4.37) | 2.17 (1.58, 2.98) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.74) | < .001 | 1.27 (0.87, 1.84) | 1.04 (0.78, 1.37) | 1.00 (Ref) | .28 |
| AORb (95% CI) | 3.39 (2.35, 4.89) | 2.56 (1.79, 3.64) | 1.39 (0.92, 2.10) | < .001 | 1.29 (0.84, 1.99) | 1.14 (0.84, 1.56) | 1.00 (Ref) | .4 |
| AORc (95% CI) | 3.94 (2.35, 6.61) | 3.17 (2.17, 3.64) | 1.36 (0.90, 2.07) | < .001 | 1.29 (0.83, 2.00) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.60) | 1.00 (Ref) | .49 |
Note. OR = odds ratio; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
P value for linear trend across duration of cohabitation groups using duration of cohabitation groups as a continuous variable in the models, by marital status.
Adjusted for maternal age (years), maternal age (quadratic), parity (primiparous, multiparous), education (< high school, high school diploma, postsecondary diploma, university diploma), household income (below, at, or above Statistics Canada low-income after-tax cutoff, or unknown), foreign-born status (yes, no), and ethnic or cultural identity (North American, European, non-Western, other).
Adjusted for factors enumerated in footnote b, as well as for wantedness of the recent pregnancy (sooner or when it occurred, later, not at all) and partner disagreement with the recent pregnancy (yes, no).