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. 2012 Sep 25;15(2):153–163. doi: 10.1111/dom.12005

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Effect of vildagliptin on proliferation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis markers in pancreatic islets. Representative immunostaining for proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (A), Ki67 (B), 4-hydroxy-2-noneal modified protein (4HNE) (C), CHOP (D) and TUNEL (E) in pancreatic tissue sections. Bars = 100 µm. PCNA, Ki67, 4HNE, CHOP and TUNEL expressions were analysed using a minimum of 50 islets and were expressed as a percentage of the total number of islet cells. Open bars, control group; black bars, vildagliptin group (F–J). Data are presented as the mean ± s.e. (n = 5). *p < 0.05 vs. control group.