Table 2.
Effect of vildagliptin on gene expression in the islet core area, as measured by LCM and real-time RT-PCR
| B6 | KKAy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene name | Abbreviation | ID | cont | vilda | cont | vilda |
| Pancreatic hormones | ||||||
| InsulinI | InsI | X04725 | 1 | 1.06 | 1 | 3.30* |
| InsulinII | InsII | NM 008384 | 1 | 2.72* | 1 | 3.41* |
| Glucagon | Glucagon | NM 008100 | n.d | n.d | n.d | n.d |
| Somatostatin | Somatostatin | NM 009215 | 1 | 0.64 | 1 | 0.46 |
| Cell differentiation | ||||||
| Motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 | Mnx1 | AF153046 | 1 | 2.35* | 1 | 2.56* |
| Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 | Pdx-1 | NM 008814 | 1 | 1.76 | 1 | 2.23* |
| Hairy and enhancer of split 1 | Hes-1 | NM 008235 | + | n.d | 1 | 0.32* |
| Neurogenic differentiation 1 | Neurod1 | NM 010894 | 1 | 2.85* | 1 | 1.78* |
| NK2 transcription factor related, locus2 | Nkx2-2 | NM 010919 | 1 | 1.56* | 1 | 1.24 |
| NK6 homeobox 1 | Nkx6-1 | NM 144955 | 1 | 1.30 | 1 | 4.20* |
| v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A | Mafa | AB086961 | 1 | 1.27 | 1 | 3.36* |
| Paired box 6 | Pax6 | NM 013627 | 1 | 4.31* | 1 | 3.32* |
| Cell proliferation | ||||||
| CyclinD1 | Ccnd1 | NM 007631 | 1 | 1.26 | 1 | 3.88* |
| Mitogen-activated protein kinase3 | Mapk3 | NM 011952 | 1 | 3.56* | 1 | 2.57* |
| Apoptosis | ||||||
| β-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 | Bcl2 | NM 177410 | n.d | + | 1 | 3.22* |
| DNA fragmentation factorbeta subunit | Dffb | AB 009377 | n.d | n.d | 1 | 0.28* |
| Caspase 3 | Casp3 | NM 009810 | 1 | 0.92 | 1 | 0.26* |
| Caspase 8 | Casp8 | MA 077522 | 1 | n.d | 1 | 0.23* |
| Oxidative stress | ||||||
| Catalase | Cat | BC 047126 | n.d | n.d | 1 | 4.55* |
| Glutathione peroxidase 1 | Gpx1 | NM 008160 | 1 | 0.84 | 1 | 4.74* |
| Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial | Sod2 | NM 013671 | 1 | 0.94 | 1 | 2.11* |
| Endoplasmic reticulum stress | ||||||
| DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 | Ddit3 | X 67083 | n.d | n.d | + | n.d* |
| X-box binding protein 1 | Xbp-1 | NM 013842 | 1 | 0.78 | 1 | 0.13* |
| Inflammation | ||||||
| Tumor necrosis factor | Tnf | NM 013693 | + | n.d | 1 | 0.27* |
| Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 | Icam1 | NM 010493 | n.d | n.d | + | n.d* |
| Lipid synthesis | ||||||
| Fatty acid synthase | Fasn | NM 007988 | 1 | n.d | 1 | 0.24* |
The nondiabetic B6 mice and diabetic KK-Ay mice were treated with or without vildagliptin for 4 weeks. Results (mean of experiments/group) shown are the mRNA levels of vildagliptin-treated mice relative to mRNA of control mice. Cont, control group; vilda, vildagliptin group. The RNA sample for each experiment was collected from the islet core area in one pancreas. When a significant level of mRNA was detected in less than two experiments out of five total experiments, the result was reported as not detected (n.d). +: mRNA was detected in more than or equal to three out of five total experiments, but the ratio was not calculated.
p < 0.05 vs. control mice.