Figure 1.

(Left and continued above) Percent mortality (corrected using Abbott's formula) of coccinellid larvae (n = 16 in all trials; solid bars, Cycloneda sanguinea; hatched bars, = Harmonia axyridis) exposed to different concentrations of fungicides as leaf residues and in topical spray applications: (a) fosetyl-Al, (b) axoxystrobin, (c) benomyl, (d) copper + petroleum oil, (e) fenbuconazole, (f) ferbam, (g) neem oil, (h) mefenoxam. Fungicide concentrations were calculated on a weight-to-weight basis for wettable powders, and a volume-to-volume basis for liquid formulations. ‘Field rate’ indicates the concentration corresponding to the recommended field rate assuming application in 935 L water per ha. ‘(0)’ indicates identical survival between treatment and controls; blanks indicate experiments were not performed at that concentration. Asterisks indicate level of significance: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.