Table 1.

Characteristic of the Study Cohort at Baseline (N=754)

Characteristic	n (%)
Age (yr), 85 or older	102 (13.5)
—Mean ± SD	78.4 ± 5.3
Female	487 (64.6)
Non-white race	72 (9.5)
Lives alone	298 (39.5)
Education (yr), less than 12	249 (33.0)
— Mean ± SD	12.0 ± 2.9
Chronic conditions,* ≥ 2	405 (53.7)
— Mean ± SD	1.8 ± 1.2
Cognitive impairment †	86 (11.4)
Depression‡	100 (13.3)
Physical frailty‖	322 (42.7)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation.

^*Based on 9 self-reported, physician-diagnosed, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, hip fracture, chronic lung disease, and cancer (other than minor skin cancers).

^†Based on a score of < 24 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).

^‡Based on a score ≥20 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D).

^‖Based on a score > 10 seconds on rapid gait test.