Table 2.
Risk Factor Profile* of Estimated Latent Class Trajectories of Activities of Daily Living
| Latent Class Trajectories† |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor‡ | Independent | Developing | Low | Progressive | High |
| Number of observations (%) | 2477 (61.6) | 452 (11.2) | 547 (13.6) | 280 (7.0) | 265 (6.6) |
| Age, 85 yrs or older | 462 (18.7) | 167 (37.0) | 276 (50.5) | 149 (53.2) | 162 (61.1) |
| Female | 1579 (63.8) | 267 (59.1) | 443 (81.0) | 198 (70.7) | 188 (70.9) |
| Lives alone | 1024 (41.3) | 199 (44.0) | 249 (45.5) | 109 (38.9) | 15 (5.7) |
| Chronic conditions,‖≥ 2 | 1463 (59.1) | 312 (69.0) | 400 (73.1) | 210 (75.0) | 193 (72.8) |
| Cognitive impairment¶ | 209 (8.4) | 86 (19.0) | 164 (30.0) | 128 (45.7) | 207 (78.1) |
| Depression§ | 292 (11.8) | 119 (26.3) | 164 (30.0) | 94 (33.6) | 109 (41.1) |
| Physical frailty** | 748 (30.2) | 276 (61.1) | 486 (88.9) | 239 (85.4) | 263 (99.3) |
Values represent cumulative number (%) of person-intervals assigned to each trajectory class across seven 18-month follow-up intervals.
Estimated using a generalized growth mixture model of three discrete (no, mild and severe) disability states of activities of daily living over seven successive 18-month intervals.
The seven risk factors for functional decline are selected a priori and used as time-dependent predictors of class memberships in the generalized growth mixture model, whose values are updated every 18 months up to 108 months during the follow-up.
Based on 9 self-reported, physician-diagnosed, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, hip fracture, chronic lung disease, and cancer (other than minor skin cancers).
Based on a score of < 24 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
Based on a score ≥ 20 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D).
Based on a score > 10 seconds on rapid gait test.