Table 2.

Multivariable analyses of the association of discoid lupus with cumulative SLE manifestations, immunologic features, selective comorbidities, and damage accrual.

Feature	OR (95% CI)*	p value
ACR Criteria
Malar rash	1.28 (1.02–1.62)	0.037
Photosensitivity	1.66 (1.30–2.13)	<0.001
Oral ulcers	1.35 (1.07–1.70)	0.011
Arthritis	0.73 (0.54–0.99)	0.040
Serositis	0.95 (0.76–1.19)	0.665
Renal involvement	0.80 (0.62–1.02)	0.067
CNS involvement	1.23 (0.88–1.72)	0.226
Seizures	1.26 (0.85–1.86)	0.249
Psychosis	1.31 (0.79–2.18)	0.299
Hematologic involvement
Hemolytic anemia	0.95 (0.65–1.39)	0.786
Leukopenia	1.46 (1.16–1.83)	<0.001
Lymphopenia	0.85 (0.67–1.06)	0.154
Thrombocytopenia	0.91 (0.68–1.21)	0.528
Immunologic features
Anti-nuclear antibodies	0.52 (0.31–0.88)	0.016
Anti-dsDNA antibodies	0.64 (0.51–0.80)	<0.001
Anti-Smith antibodies	1.15 (0.89–1.49)	0.287
Anti-phospholipid antibodies	0.71 (0.52–0.98)	0.040
Other SLE manifestations
Vasculitis	1.62 (1.22–2.13)	<0.001
Raynaud’s phenomenon	1.00 (0.80–1.25)	0.989
Transverse myelitis	-	-
Comorbidities
Hypertension	1.02 (0.81–1.28)	0.879
Coronary artery disease	1.34 (0.77–2.32)	0.304
Stroke	1.21 (0.72–2.02)	0.477
Peripheral artery disease	1.12 (0.66–1.90)	0.679
Venous thrombosis	0.83 (0.55–1.26)	0.382
Pulmonary hypertension	0.97 (0.52–1.81)	0.924
Hypothyroidism	0.79 (0.53–1.19)	0.257
SDI	1.07 (1.02–1.13)	0.007

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; ACR: American College of Rheumatology; CNS: central nervous system; SDI: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index;

^*Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for ethnicity, gender, disease duration, education, and smoking; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval