Table 3.
Multivariable analyses of the association of discoid lupus with the individual components of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SDI).
| Feature | OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Ocular | ||
| Cataracts | 1.19 (0.83–1.70) | 0.345 |
| Retinal changes or optic atrophy | 0.93 (0.51–1.72) | 0.820 |
|
| ||
| Neuropsychiatric | ||
| Cognitive impairment | 1.03 (0.71–1.48) | 0.891 |
| Chronic seizures | 1.84 (1.08–3.13) | 0.025 |
| Cerebral vascular accidents | 1.21 (0.76–1.92) | 0.423 |
| Cranial or peripheral neuropathy | 0.53 (0.28–1.00) | 0.051 |
| Transverse myelitis | - | - |
|
| ||
| Renal | ||
| GFR < 50% | 0.86 (0.49–1.51) | 0.590 |
| Proteinuria 24hours, ≥ 3.5 grams | 1.00 (0.66–1.51) | 0.993 |
| End-stage renal disease | 0.42 (0.19–0.93) | 0.033 |
|
| ||
| Pulmonary | ||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 1.04 (0.55–1.96) | 0.895 |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 1.00 (0.56–1.78) | 0.997 |
| Shrinking lung | 0.40 (0.05–3.14) | 0.381 |
| Pleural fibrosis | 1.18 (0.52–2.69) | 0.691 |
| Pulmonary infarction | - | - |
|
| ||
| Cardiovascular | ||
| Angina or coronary artery bypass | 1.48 (0.73–2.99) | 0.274 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.82 (0.95–3.47) | 0.071 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 1.62 (0.90–2.91) | 0.110 |
| Valvular disease or replacement | 0.44 (0.17–1.14) | 0.090 |
| Pericarditis or pericardiectomy | 0.74 (0.25–2.17) | 0.577 |
|
| ||
| Peripheral Vascular | ||
| Claudication | 0.73 (0.15–3.59) | 0.696 |
| Minor tissue loss | 1.40 (0.59–3.33) | 0.450 |
| Significant tissue loss | 0.88 (0.25–3.09) | 0.841 |
| Venous Thrombosis | 0.45 (0.17–1.19) | 0.109 |
|
| ||
| Gastrointestinal | ||
| Infarction or resection of bowel | 1.16 (0.73–1.83) | 0.527 |
| Mesenteric insufficiency | 0.79 (0.08–7.83) | 0.840 |
| Chronic peritonitis | 1.93 (0.34–11.02) | 0.460 |
| Stricture or upper GI tract surgery | 0.36 (0.05–2.84) | 0.330 |
| Pancreatitis | 1.03 (0.21–5.01) | 0.966 |
|
| ||
| Musculoskeletal | ||
| Atrophy or weakness | 0.91 (0.43–1.94) | 0.805 |
| Deforming or erosive arthritis | 1.06 (0.59–1.88) | 0.848 |
| Osteoporosis with fracture | 1.19 (0.75–1.89) | 0.454 |
| Avascular necrosis | 0.95 (059–1.52) | 0.829 |
| Osteomyelitis | 0.57 (0.19–1.72) | 0.315 |
| Ruptured tendons | 0.39 (0.11–1.39) | 0.147 |
|
| ||
| Skin | ||
| Scarring alopecia | 5.71 (3.91–8.35) | <0.001 |
| Extensive scarring of the skin | 14.66 (8.67–24.81) | <0.001 |
| Skin ulcers | 2.43 (1.06–5.60) | 0.037 |
|
| ||
| Premature gonadal failure | 1.03 (0.64–1.66) | 0.908 |
|
| ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.68 (1.10–2.56) | 0.016 |
|
| ||
| Malignancy | 0.95 (0.52–1.72) | 0.861 |
GFR: glomerular filtration rate, GI: gastrointestinal;
*
Adjusted odds ratio (OR) for ethnicity, gender, disease duration, education, and smoking; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval