Table 4.

Variables independently associated with discoid lupus by multivariable analyses

Feature	Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Ethnicity
African American	3.57 (2.70–-4.71)	<0.001	3.18 (2.38–4.24)	<0.001
Hispanic, Puerto Rico	1.04 (0.63–1.70)	0.408	0.87 (0.52–1.46)	0.203
Hispanic, Texas	0.48 (0.25–0.89)	<0.001	0.41 (0.20–0.81)	<0.001
Other	1.65 (0.68–3.99)	0.425	1.85 (0.77–4.46)	0.193
Caucasian	Reference group		Reference group
Disease duration	1.04 (1.02–1.06)	<0.001	1.05 (1.03–1.07)	<0.001
Education	0.95 (0.91–0.99)	0.018	0.96 (0.92–1.01)	0.091
Smoking	1.89 (1.41–2.54)	<0.001	1.65 (1.20–2.27)	0.002
Malar rash	1.21 (0.93–1.56)	0.152	1.13 (0.86–1.48)	0.383
Photosensitivity	1.85 (1.40–2.46)	<0.001	1.59 (1.18–2.13)	0.002
Oral ulcers	1.15 (0.89–1.47)	0.282	1.13 (0.87–1.47)	0.355
Arthritis	0.65 (0.48–0.89)	0.008	0.67 (0.48–0.94)	0.019
Leukopenia	1.46 (1.15–1.85)	0.002	1.41 (1.09–1.81)	0.008
Anti-nuclear antibodies	0.59 (0.34–1.03)	0.066	0.59 (0.32–1.07)	0.083
Anti-dsDNA antibodies	0.71 (0.56–0.91)	0.006	0.66 (0.51–0.85)	0.001
Anti-phospholipid antibodies	0.70 (0.50–0.98)	0.040	0.73 (0.51–1.04)	0.077
Vasculitis	1.53 (1.13–2.05)	0.005	1.26 (0.91–1.74)	0.171
SDI	1.08 (1.02–1.14)	0.011	---	---
SDI components
Chronic seizures	---	---	1.92 (1.03–3.60)	0.041
End-stage renal disease	---	---	0.30 (0.13–0.74)	0.009
Scarring alopecia	---	---	3.42 (2.17–5.37)	<0.001
Extensive scarring of skin	---	---	10.76 (5.89–19.66)	<0.001
Skin ulcers	---	---	0.90 (0.31–2.64)	0.853
Diabetes mellitus	---	---	1.27 (0.77–2.07)	0.346

Model 1 includes systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) manifestations and the overall SDI.

Model 2 includes SLE manifestations and the individual components of the SDI. Gender was also included in both multivariable models. OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; SDI: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index.