Table 2. Bivariate analysis of risk factors for Nipah virus infection, Faridpur, Bangladesh 2010*.
| Risk factor | No. (%) case-patients with risk factors, n = 15 | No. (%) controls with risk factors, n = 58 | mOR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 8 (53) | 26 (46) | 1.3 (0.4–4) | 0.62 |
| Climbed tree |
5 (33) |
16 (29) |
1.6 (0.7–3.7) |
0.24 |
| Physical contact with living animal | ||||
| Cow | 11 (73) | 32 (57) | 2.5 (0.6–9.9) | 0.2 |
| Goat | 5 (33) | 26 (46) | 0.4 (0.1–2.2) | 0.3 |
| Pig | 0 | 1 (2) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Chicken | 10 (67) | 39 (70) | 0.9 (0.3–2.9) | 0.83 |
| Duck | 8 (53) | 20 (36) | 1.9 (0.7–5.8) | 0.23 |
| Dog | 1 (7) | 4 (7) | 0.9 (0.1–7.9) | 0.91 |
| Cat | 1 (6) | 7 (13) | 0.4 (0.1–3.9) | 0.45 |
| Fruit bat |
0 |
0 |
Undefined |
Undefined |
| Physical contact with sick animal | ||||
| Cow | 0 | 4 (7) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Goat | 1 (7) | 1 (2) | 0.9 (0.4–2) | 0.76 |
| Chicken | 0 | 9 (16) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Duck |
1 (7) |
3 (5) |
1.2 (0.1–15) |
0.89 |
| Ate any animal that had been sick | 1 (7) | 3 (5) | 1.2 (0.1–15) | 0.89 |
| Had seen bats in or around residence at night |
12 (80) |
39 (70) |
1.2 (0.1–15) |
0.89 |
| Drank raw DPS | 9 (69) | 17 (30) | 7.9 (1.6–40) | 0.012 |
| Drank DPS before 9:00 am |
8 (53) |
16 (100) |
Undefined |
Undefined |
| DPS was | ||||
| Purchased | 2 (20) | 5 (33) | 0.4 (0.04–4.8) | 0.49 |
| Given | 2 (20) | 4 (27) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Collected by a family member |
6 (67) |
5 (33) |
Undefined |
Undefined |
| Consumption of raw DPS during month before onset of illness, per day | ||||
| 0 | 5 (33) | 40 (71) | 1 | |
| <1 glass | 4 (27) | 4 (7) | 32 (2.1–474) | 0.01 |
| 1 glass | 3 (20) | 9 (16) | 4.3 (0.6–29) | 0.13 |
| >1 glass |
3 (20) |
3 (5) |
22 (1.2–404) |
0.04 |
| Is DPS harvester by profession | 4 (27) | 4 (7) | 8.7 (0.9–83) | 0.06 |
| Household member harvests DPS by profession | 4 (27) | 4 (7) | 8.7 (0.9–83) | 0.06 |
| Household distributes or sells DPS |
4 (27) |
5 (9) |
10 (1.1–100) |
0.04 |
| Ate fruit | ||||
| Banana | 11 (73) | 33 (60) | 1.9 (0.5–6.5) | 0.32 |
| Boroy/plum | 7 (47) | 29 (53) | 0.8 (0.2–3.1) | 0.75 |
| Papaya | 8 (53) | 29 (52) | 1.1 (0.3–3.2) | 0.95 |
| Sofeda | 3 (20) | 14 (25) | 0.7 (0.1–3.7) | 0.67 |
| Kamranga | 0 | 6 (11) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Guava | 4 (29) | 14 (25) | 1.4 (0.2–8.4) | 0.71 |
| Tamarind | 1 (7) | 8 (14) | 0.4 (0.4–3.7) | 0.42 |
| Custard apple |
1 (7) |
1 (2) |
Undefined |
Undefined |
| Visited another subdistrict |
5 (33) |
14 (25) |
1.6 (0.4–5.7) |
0.47 |
| Touched someone with fever and altered mental status who died later | 4 (29) | 2 (4) | Undefined | Undefined |
| Was in same room as someone with fever and altered mental status who died later | 4 (29) | 2 (4) | Undefined | Undefined |
*mOR, matched odds ratio; DPS, date palm sap.