Table 1.
Local Production and Effects of 1,25D in the Respiratory Tract
Cell type | Conversion of 25D → 1,25D | 1.25D Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
Airway Epithelium | Constitutive | Increases CD14 and cathelicidin. Dampens IFN-β and chemokine response during viral infection | Hansdottir et al. |
Alveolar Macrophages | Upon activation | Increases the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin | Liu et al. |
Dendritic Cells | Increases with differentiation | Inhibits dendritic cell differentiation, maturation and function, decreases IL-12 and increases IL-10, alters T cell activation | Fritsche et al., Sigmundsdottir et al., Piemonti et al., Penna et al |
T lymphocytes | At least when activated | Inhibits proliferation, modulates cytokine production - inhibits Th1 and Th17 cytokines but induces Tregs | Sigmundsdottir et al., Lemire et al., Daniel et al., Mora et al., Penna et al. |
B lymphocytes | Unclear | Inhibits proliferation of activated B cells and generation of plasma cells | Chen et al. |