Table 3. Composition of study groups, housed at Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary, DRC.
| Group 1 | Group 2 | |||||||
| Name | Code | Age | Age class | Name | Code | Sex | Age | Age class |
| Females | Females | |||||||
| Opala | OP | 16 | A | Maya+Mayele(m) | MY | F | 18 | A |
| Semendwa+Makasi(m) | SW | 14 | A | Tshilomba+Sanza (m) | TL | F | 20+ | A |
| Bandundu | BD | 14 | A | Isiro | IS | F | 13 | A |
| Kalina+Bolingo (m) | KL | 13 | A | Likasi | LI | F | 10 | AD |
| Salonga+Kimia (f) | SL | 13 | A | Sake | SK | F | 6 | J |
| Kisantu+Liyaka(f) | KS | 12 | A | |||||
| Lisala | LS | 10 | AD | |||||
| Katako | KT | 7 | J | |||||
| Elikia*(SW) | EK | 6 | J | |||||
| Masisi | MS | 5 | J | |||||
| Waka | WK | 5 | J | |||||
| Malaika*(KL) | ML | 4 | J | |||||
| Males | Males | |||||||
| Manono | MN | 17 | A | Keza | KZ | M | 20+ | A |
| Kikwit | KW | 13 | A | Makali | MK | M | 20+ | A |
| Fizi | FZ | 12 | A | Max | MX | M | 25 | A |
| Matadi | MA | 11 | AD | Lomami | LM | M | 12 | A |
| Dilolo | DL | 10 | AD | Mbandaka | MB | M | 9 | AD |
| Kasongo | KG | 9 | AD | Bili | BL | M | 10 | AD |
| Mabali | MB | 8 | AD | Ilebo | IB | M | 9 | AD |
| Pole*(OP) | PO | 6 | J | Yolo | YL | M | 7 | AD |
| Wongolo*(BD) | WO | 3 | J | Bisengo*(MY) | BS | M | 6 | J |
| Moyi*(TL) | MO | M | 4 | J | ||||
Age classes are indicated by A = Adult, AD = Adolescent, J = Juvenile. Asterisks indicate mother-reared individuals born at the sanctuary with the identity of their mother in superscript. The parentheses indicate the sex of the offspring (m = male; f = female).