Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| Females | n | Males | n | Total | n | |
| Age (years) | 73(66–79) | 1037 | 75(69–80)* | 680 | 74(67–79) | 1717 |
| Ethnicity white | 1014 (98) | 1037 | 661 (97) | 680 | 1675 (98) | 1717 |
| Diabetes | 158 (15) | 1037 | 129 (19)* | 680 | 287 (17) | 1717 |
| Previous CVE | 185 (18) | 1037 | 195 (29)* | 680 | 380 (22) | 1717 |
| Current smoker | 47 (5) | 1037 | 31 (5) | 680 | 78 (4.5) | 1717 |
| Previous smoker | 407 (39) | 1037 | 444 (65)* | 680 | 851 (50) | 1717 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0(25.6–32.5) | 1037 | 27.8(25.7–30.5)* | 680 | 28.4(25.6–31.8) | 1717 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133±19 | 1037 | 136±18* | 680 | 134±18 | 1717 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72±11 | 1037 | 74±11* | 680 | 73±11 | 1717 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 92±12 | 1037 | 94±11* | 680 | 93±12 | 1717 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 54.4(46.7–61.1) | 1037 | 51.1(44.1–57.6)* | 680 | 53.3(45.5–59.8) | 1717 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.55(1.27–1.85) | 1032 | 1.19(1.00–1.45)* | 676 | 1.40(1.13–1.71) | 1708 |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.90(4.10–5.80) | 1032 | 4.20(3.60–4.98)* | 676 | 4.6(3.9–5.5) | 1708 |
| Serum total protein (g/L) | 74.2±4.8 | 1031 | 74.4±4.9 | 677 | 74.3±4.9 | 1708 |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 40.5±3.0 | 1036 | 40.9±3.3* | 678 | 40.7±3.2 | 1714 |
| Corrected calcium (mmol/L) | 2.39±0.10 | 1033 | 2.35±0.09* | 673 | 2.38±0.10 | 1706 |
| Phosphate (mmol/L) | 1.15±0.17 | 1018 | 1.05±0.18* | 667 | 1.11±0.18 | 1685 |
| UACR (mg/mmol) | 0.23(0.00–0.90) | 1035 | 0.63(0.00–3.27)* | 679 | 0.33(0.00–1.50) | 1714 |
| CKD 3B | 208 (20) | 1037 | 194 (29)* | 680 | 402 (23) | 1717 |
| aPWV (m/sec) | 9.7±2.0 | 1037 | 10.3±2* | 680 | 9.9±2 | 1717 |
| hs CRP (mg/L) | 2.23(1.13–4.67) | 1036 | 2.21(1.14–4.28) | 680 | 2.22(1.13–4.50) | 1716 |
| Waist to Hip Ratio | 0.86(0.81–0.90) | 1037 | 0.98(0.94–1.02)* | 680 | 0.91(0.84–0.97) | 1717 |
| SAF (AU) | 2.60(2.30–3.00) | 1023 | 2.73(2.33–3.18)* | 665 | 2.67(2.30–3.07) | 1688 |
Data are mean±SD, median (IQR) or number (%).
*
P<0.05 versus females.
aPWV = aortic pulse wave velocity; AU = Arbitrary units.; BP = blood pressure; BMI = body mass index; CKD 3B = eGFR 30–44 mLs/min/1.73 m2; CVE = cardiovascular event; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high density lipo-protein; hs CRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; MAP = mean arterial pressure; SAF = skin autofluorescence; UACR = urine albumin to creatinine ratio.