Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of participants
| Characteristics |
HPIVs infection in 4447 patients |
4 types distributions in 174 HPIVs-positive patients |
Co-infected with HPIVs |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPIV-positive (n=174)* | HPIV-negative (n=4273) | p value§ | HPIV-1 (n=57) | HPIV-2 (n=18) | HPIV-3 (n=97) | HPIV-4 (n=8) | p value※ | Single HPIV (n=109) | Co-pathogens (n=65) | p value# | |
| Nasal obstruction |
55(31.6) |
1324(31.0) |
0.862 |
20(35.1) |
4(22.2) |
31(32) |
3(37.5) |
0.767 |
34(31.2) |
21(32.3) |
0.878 |
| Coryza |
68(39.1) |
1568(36.7) |
0.523 |
22(38.6) |
7(38.9) |
44(45.4) |
1(12.5) |
0.306 |
47(43.1) |
21(32.3) |
0.157 |
| Sneeze |
10(5.7) |
221(5.2) |
0.738 |
1(1.8) |
1(5.6) |
7(7.2) |
1(12.5) |
0.421 |
7(6.4) |
3(4.6) |
0.964 |
| Cough |
164(94.3) |
3426(80.2) |
0.738 |
53(93) |
17(94.4) |
93(95.9) |
7(87.5) |
0.718 |
104(95.4) |
60(92.3) |
0.395 |
| Expectoration |
77(44.3) |
1739(40.7) |
0.35 |
11(19.3) |
9(50) |
49(50.5) |
1(12.5) |
<0.001 |
49(45) |
28(43.1) |
0.809 |
| Pharyngeal discomfort† |
33(19.0) |
1428(33.4) |
<0.001 |
16(28.1) |
5(27.8) |
12(12.4) |
1(12.5) |
0.073 |
22(20.2) |
11(16.9) |
0.596 |
| Hoarseness |
7(4.0) |
68(1.6) |
0.015 |
2(3.5) |
1(5.6) |
3(3.1) |
1(12.5) |
0.592 |
7(6.4) |
0(0) |
0.037 |
| Abnormal pulmonary breathing sound‡ |
68(39.1) |
1078(25.2) |
<0.001 |
20(35.1) |
7(38.9) |
40(41.2) |
4(50) |
0.811 |
43(39.4) |
25(38.5) |
0.897 |
| Dyspnoea |
70(40.2) |
1010(23.6) |
<0.001 |
19(33.3) |
7(38.9) |
44(45.4) |
3(37.5) |
0.529 |
45(41.3) |
25(38.5) |
0.713 |
| Increasing lung markings |
10(5.7) |
134(3.1) |
0.056 |
4(7) |
1(5.6) |
4(4.1) |
1(12.5) |
0.718 |
6(5.5) |
4(6.2) |
0.859 |
| Bronchopneumonia |
24(13.8) |
416(9.7) |
0.079 |
11(19.3) |
3(16.7) |
10(10.3) |
1(12.5) |
0.464 |
17(15.6) |
7(10.8) |
0.372 |
| Pneumonia |
28(16.1) |
428(10.0) |
0.01 |
10(17.5) |
3(16.7) |
17(17.5) |
0(0) |
0.641 |
20(18.3) |
8(12.3) |
0.294 |
| Fever (≥38°C) |
97(55.7) |
3004(70.3) |
<0.001 |
33(57.9) |
12(66.7) |
53(54.6) |
2(25) |
0.532 |
57(52.3) |
40(61.5) |
0.235 |
| Chill |
6(3.4) |
893(20.9) |
<0.001 |
3(5.3) |
0(0) |
3(3.1) |
0(0) |
0.666 |
4(3.7) |
2(3.1) |
0.836 |
| Dizziness |
4(2.3) |
543(12.7) |
<0.001 |
3(5.3) |
1(5.6) |
0(0) |
0(0) |
0.125 |
3(2.8) |
1(1.5) |
0.605 |
| Headache |
7(4.0) |
1063(24.9) |
<0.001 |
4(7) |
2(11.1) |
1(1) |
0(0) |
0.092 |
6(5.5) |
1(1.5) |
0.198 |
| Myalgia |
3(1.7) |
613(14.3) |
<0.001 |
2(3.5) |
1(5.6) |
0(0) |
0(0) |
0.202 |
3(2.8) |
1(1.5) |
0.605 |
| Debilitation |
6(3.4) |
1103(25.8) |
<0.001 |
2(3.5) |
1(5.6) |
3(3.1) |
0(0) |
0.902 |
3(2.8) |
3(4.6) |
0.515 |
| Vomiting |
14(8.0) |
326(7.6) |
0.839 |
5(8.8) |
2(11.1) |
9(9.3) |
0(0) |
0.823 |
6(5.5) |
8(12.3) |
0.110 |
| Poor appetite |
27(15.5) |
737(17.2) |
0.553 |
11(19.3) |
2(11.1) |
13(13.4) |
1(12.5) |
0.736 |
17(15.6) |
10(15.4) |
0.970 |
| Diarrhoea |
16(9.2) |
77(1.8) |
<0.001 |
3(5.3) |
1(5.6) |
12(12.4) |
0(0) |
0.333 |
11(10.1) |
5(7.7) |
0.596 |
| Convulsion |
2(1.1) |
63(1.5) |
0.726 |
1(1.8) |
0(0) |
1(1) |
0(0) |
0.916 |
2(1.8) |
0(0) |
0.272 |
| Rash etc. | 5(2.9) | 64(1.5) | 0.15 | 5(8.8) | 0(0) | 5(5.2) | 0(0) | 0.443 | 4(3.7) | 1(1.5) | 0.416 |
*Data are No.(%) of each group. Percentages sum to over 100% because some patients had more than one diagnosis.
†Including pharyngeal dryness and pharyngalgia.
‡Including phlegm rale, wheeze rale, bubbling rale, moist rale, and rhonchi.
§Two-tailed χ2 test, testing the distribution of each illness or diagnosis between HPIV-positive and HPIV-negative patients.
※Two-tailed χ2 test, testing the distribution of each illness or diagnosis between the four HPIV types.
#Two-tailed χ2 test, testing the distribution of each illness or diagnosis between patients solely infected with HPIV and those co-infected.