TABLE 1.

Immunomodulators chosen for their expected Th1-promoting abilities and tested in combination with DDA

Immunomodulator	Biological activity	Reference
Saponin	Plant-derived extract with delayed type hypersensitivity-inducing qualities	10
Calcitriol	Biologically active form of vitamin D3 with macrophage-activating abilities	1, 50
β-Glucan	Effective in activating macrophage functions	30
n-Hexadecane	Strong inducer of proinflammatory responses	41
TDB	Synthetic analog of the potent immunostimulator TDM (cord factor); TDB has shorter mycolic acids and is therefore expected to show less toxicity	46, 49
MDP	The smallest unit of bacterial cell walls that can replace mycobacteria in complete Freund’s adjuvant; has the ability to regulate several functions of cells involved in the immune response, including macrophage activation	7, 44
MPL	Induces the synthesis and release of cytokines, particularly IL-2 and IFN-γ, thereby promoting Th1 responses	58