Saponin |
Plant-derived extract with delayed type hypersensitivity-inducing qualities |
10 |
Calcitriol |
Biologically active form of vitamin D3 with macrophage-activating abilities |
1, 50 |
β-Glucan |
Effective in activating macrophage functions |
30 |
n-Hexadecane |
Strong inducer of proinflammatory responses |
41 |
TDB |
Synthetic analog of the potent immunostimulator TDM (cord factor); TDB has shorter mycolic acids and is therefore expected to show less toxicity |
46, 49 |
MDP |
The smallest unit of bacterial cell walls that can replace mycobacteria in complete Freund’s adjuvant; has the ability to regulate several functions of cells involved in the immune response, including macrophage activation |
7, 44 |
MPL |
Induces the synthesis and release of cytokines, particularly IL-2 and IFN-γ, thereby promoting Th1 responses |
58 |