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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: Kidney Int. 2011 Nov 9;81(6):559–567. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.371

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Prevalence of biomarkers of aristolochic acid (AA) exposure and TP53 mutations in cases of UUC from endemic villages/regions in Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia. Aristolactam (AL)-DNA adducts, produced during intracellular nitroreduction of AA, were measured in renal cortex by a 32P-postlabeling-PAGE assay (43). Specific mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 were identified in UUC samples using p53 AmpliChip technology. A:T T:A transversions (A>T) are the dominant TP53 mutations associated with AA exposure in UUC (16). Tumor DNA was not available for analysis for four cases. Error bars denote 95% confidence intervals for each value. Cortical adducts and tumor TP53 mutations were not detected in DNA samples obtained from nonendemic cases (n=10; data not shown).