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Risk factors for urothelial malignancies in endemic cases
| Smokersa, % | 37.3% |
| % of males who smoked | 81.5% |
| % of females who smoked | 7.5% |
| Environmental exposure, % | |
| Cultivated wheat 20–30 years agob | 95.7% |
| Baked bread 20–30 years agob | 97.9% |
| Observed Aristolochia in wheat fields 20–30 years agoc | 86.4% |
| Family history of renal diseased,% | 39.1% |
total 67 subjects;
total 47 subjects;
total 44 subjects;
total 46 subjects
