Mother–Child Interactions in Depressed Children and Children at High Risk and Low Risk for Future Depression

. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 31.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 May;47(5):574–582. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181676595

TABLE 2 Maternal Problem-Solving and Parenting Styles and Child Problem Solving Across Diagnostic Groups

	MDD (n = 43)	High Risk (n = 28)	Low Risk (n = 41)	Statistic F_2,109
Maternal control	3.4 ± 0.7^a	3.4 ± 0.5^ab	3.7 ± 0.5^b	2.91^*
Maternal positivity¹	3.2 ± 0.5^a	3.3 ± 0.5^a	3.3 ± 0.5^a	0.87
Maternal negativity¹	2.2 ± 0.9^a	2.1 ± 0.8^a	2.0 ± 0.8^a	0.76
Authoritative parenting	2.7 ± 1.0^a	2.9 ± 0.9^a	3.0 ± 0.9^a	0.90
Authoritarian parenting	1.8 ± 0.9^a	1.7 ± 0.8^a	1.6 ± 0.9^a	0.25
Permissive parenting	1.6 ± 0.8^a	1.5 ± 0.5^a	1.4 ± 0.6^a	0.87
Disengaged parenting	1.4 ± 0.7^a	1.2 ± 0.5^ab	1.1 ± 0.3^b	3.60^*
Child positivity¹	2.4 ± 0.6^a	2.5 ± 0.4^a	2.9 ± 0.4^b	12.22^**
Child negativity	2.7 ± 1.0^a	2.3 ± 0.9^ab	2.1 ± 0.8^b	4.23^*

Note: Means with different superscripts are significantly different. MDD = major depressive disorder.

p < .05;

^**

p < .01.

Estimated marginal means accounting for appropriate covariates in maternal positivity, maternal negativity, and child positivity.