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Generation of MSC-educated macrophages (MSC-Mo). (A) Co-cultivation of MSC and resting macrophages in a transwell cell culture system. Pores with a size of 0.4 μm allow exchange of MSC-produced soluble factors from upper chamber (MSC) to lower chamber (Mo). (B) Schematic overview of Mo to MSC-Mo transition induced by immunomodulatory (also in the figure) and growth factors released by MSC. Arrows next to cytokines show up- (↑) or down- (↓) regulation in MSC-Mo.
