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Role of MSC in macrophage-mediated immune regulation in situ. MSC modulate resting macrophages to adapt a regulatory phenotype by production of immunomodulatory and growth factors. This effect of MSC is enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, released by activated immune cells and surrounding parenchymal cells. MSC thereby block Mo-mediated activation of parenchymal cells and decrease cellular immune response by generation of Tregs.
