Phylogeny of the apple TPS family. Maximum likelihood analysis is shown for the predicted full-length TPSs from cv Royal Gala (RG) and cv Golden Delicious (GD) apple with selected full-length grape, poplar, pear, and tomato TPSs. Bootstrap values are shown as a percentage of 100 replicates. The scale bar represents 0.5 substitutions per site. Abbreviations for previously identified and/or functionally annotated TPS enzymes, including GenBank accession numbers in parentheses, are as follows: grape VvGwECar1 = (E)-β-caryophyllene synthase (ADR74192), VvCSaFar = (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase (ADR74198), VvPNRLin = (3R)-linalool synthase (ADR74209), VvPNaPin1 = pinene synthase (ADR74202), VvGwbOci = (E)-β-ocimene synthase (ADR74204), VvGwGer = geraniol synthase (ADR74217), VvPNLinNer2 = (3S)-linalool/(E)-nerolidol synthase (ADR74211), and VvCSENerGl = (E)-nerolidol/(E,E)-geranyl linalool synthase (ADR74219); apple MdRGAFS1 = (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase (AAX19772) and MdRGEKS = ent-kaurene synthase (AFG18184); pear PcAFS1 = (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase (AAT70237); tomato SleKS = ent-kaurene synthase (AEP82778) and SlCPS = CDP synthase (BAA84918); poplar PtCPS = CDP synthase (EEE81383).