Table 4.

Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) based on haplogroup frequencies

			PROPORTION OF VARIATION (%)
Number of groups	GROUPING a	total number of populations	AMONG GROUPS	AMONG POPULATIONS WITHIN GROUP	WITHIN POPULATIONS
1	ALL POPULATIONS	22	-	15.39**	84.61**
1	BANTU	10	-	4.69**	95.31**
5	GEOGRAPHY b	22	9.96**	6.75**	83.29**
4	LANGUAGE c	22	14.08**	8.68**	77.24**
2	Niger-Congo d	14	11.58*	5.31**	83.10**
2	Niger-Congo (low) e	14	0.28	5.67**	94.06**

All values are significant with p-value < 0.05 * and p-value < 0.01 **, except for that in boldface.

^aPygmy groups were excluded because they are known to have undergone language shift.

^bGeographic subdivision as follows: North (Algeria); West (Senegal, Burkina Faso, Nigeria), Central (Cameroon, D.R.C., Gabon), East (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), South (Angola, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa)

^cLinguistic grouping with the four major African phyla: Afro-Asiatic, “Khoisan”, Niger-Congo, and Nilo-Saharan.

^dNiger-Congo Bantu vs non-Bantu

^eNiger-Congo Bantu vs non-Bantu with a lower haplogroup resolution: E1b1a*(xE1b1a7) and E1b1a7. See main text for details.