Table 1.
Age-Standardized Characteristics According to Prediagnosis Smoking Status Among 5366 Men With Prostate Cancera
| Smoking Status prior to Diagnosisb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Characteristic | Never (n = 2,449) |
Former: Quit10+ y (n = 2,063) |
Former: quit<10 y (n = 297) |
Current (n = 277) |
| Age at diagnosis, mean (SD), yc | 69.3 (7.6) | 70.8 (7.2) | 68.0 (7.1) | 68.1 (7.1) |
| Clinical stage, %d | ||||
| T1 | 54.2 | 56.0 | 47.2 | 39.0 |
| T2 | 37.5 | 35.4 | 38.0 | 46.3 |
| T3 or T4 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 5.0 | 8.2 |
| M1 and/or N1 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 9.8 | 6.5 |
| Gleason score, %d | ||||
| <7 | 65.3 | 62.7 | 58.8 | 57.3 |
| 7 | 24.0 | 27.7 | 26.9 | 26.8 |
| >7 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 14.3 | 16.0 |
| Primary treatment, %d | ||||
| Radical prostatectomy | 47.5 | 47.2 | 43.1 | 41.4 |
| EBRTc or brachytherapy | 34.8 | 36.1 | 39.5 | 34.3 |
| Hormones | 7.2 | 7.2 | 10.3 | 8.7 |
| Watchful Waiting | 8.5 | 8.0 | 4.5 | 8.7 |
| Other | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 6.9 |
| Parental history of MI at age ≤ 60, % | 11.6 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 8.3 |
| Family history of prostate cancer, % | 10.5 | 10.0 | 8.0 | 10.6 |
| History of PSA tests prior to dx cycle among all prostate cancer cases, % | 64.2 | 61.8 | 46.8 | 43.7 |
| History of PSA tests prior to dx cycle among cases diagnosed after 1994, % | 85.7 | 86.0 | 81.3 | 75.1 |
| High PSA screening intensity among cases diagnosed after 1994, %e | 72.9 | 74.0 | 65.4 | 63.4 |
| PSA at diagnosis among cases diagnosed after 1994, median (25th and 75th percentile) | 6.6 (4.9, 9.9) | 6.9 (4.9, 10.2) | 7.2 (5.3, 10.0) | 7.6 (4.8, 12.4) |
| Diabetes, % | 6.5 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 10.0 |
| High blood pressure, % | 39.4 | 45.7 | 45.5 | 32.7 |
| Elevated cholesterol, % | 44.9 | 49.2 | 46.9 | 39.6 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 25.6 (3.4) | 26.0 (3.5) | 26.4 (3.5) | 25.1 (3.2) |
| Total activity, mean (SD), MET-hr/wk | 37.5 (42.8) | 33.7 (37.2) | 29.7 (31.4) | 29.3 (40.3) |
| Intake, mean (SD) | ||||
| Calories/d | 1963.2 (613.2) | 1944.3 (595.0) | 1998.5 (676.6) | 2015.6 (586.7) |
| Saturated fat, g/d | 21.7 (6.1) | 21.8 (6.2) | 24.1 (6.3) | 25.2 (6.6) |
| Calcium, mg/d | 1048.7 (502.0) | 1024.9 (504.5) | 940.4 (380.0) | 935.6 (444.1) |
| Red meat, servings/d | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.4) |
| Tomato sauce, servings/wk | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.9 (0.9) |
| Fish, servings/d | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.2) |
| Coffee, servings/d | 1.1 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.9 (1.7) | 2.2 (2.0) |
| Alcohol | ||||
| Non-drinker, % | 30.9 | 19.3 | 18.7 | 19.9 |
| < 15g/day, % | 50.7 | 48.0 | 47.9 | 43.8 |
| ≥15 g/day, % | 18.3 | 32.7 | 33.4 | 36.4 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); EBRT, external beam radiation therapy; MET, metabolic equivalent task; MI, myocardial infarction; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.
Age-standardized to the age distribution of the study population at prostate cancer diagnosis. Lifestyle factors are from participant’s questionnaire prior to the diagnosis.
A total of 280 former smokers are missing data on years since quitting smoking and thus are not included in this table.
Age is not age standardized.
For interpretability, we excluded men missing stage (16.8%) when calculating distribution of stage, men missing Gleason score (25.6%) when calculating distribution of Gleason score, and men missing primary treatment data (16.0%) when calculating distribution of treatment.
High PSA screening intensity is defined as the participant reporting at least 1 PSA screen in at least 50% of 2-year periods, not including the cycle of diagnosis.