. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan 3;41(2):190–197. doi: 10.1002/uog.11219

Table 1.

Characteristics of published studies describing normative ADC values in the fetal brain.

Study	Subjects	b-values	Sedation	MA mean (range)	Observer Agreement	Inclusion Criteria
Righini 2003	15	0 and 600 s/mm²	No	27.6 weeks (22–35)	No	- Fetuses imaged for suspected clinical or US anomalies other than brain
						- Normal neonatal neurological examination
						- Includes cases of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Schneider 2007	78	500 and 1000 s/mm²	Yes	31 (23–36)	No	- Fetuses imaged for known extra-cranial anomalies, family history of genetic disease or questionable neurological anomaly on US
						- All included fetuses had a normal brain MRI and a normal neonatal neurological examination
Cannie 2007	66	0, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 s/mm²	Yes	not stated (17–37)	No	- Fetuses imaged for a variety of extra-cranial anomalies including (but not limited to) congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, and polycystic kidney disease
Schneider 2009	38	0 and 600 s/mm²	No	24.3 (21–33.4)	No	- Fetuses imaged for suspected US anomalies, previous pregnancy with brain abnormalities, or normal healthy volunteers
						- All included fetuses had a normal MRI and neonatal neurological examination
Boyer 2012	50	0 and 1000 s/mm²	No	27.7 (19.3–37)	Yes	- Fetuses imaged in healthy pregnant women
						- All included fetuses had a normal US, MRI, and neonatal examination