Figure 4. Effects of polyP in vivo.

Application of M-polyP (50 μM) to the ventral surface of the brainstem increases heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (ABP), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and phrenic nerve activity (PNA) (a). Expanded traces of PNA and RSNA on the right depict the activities before and after application of polyP. Time points are indicated by numbers (1) and (2) on the time-condensed trace on the left. The effects of M-polyP on the ABP (b) and RSNA (c) in vivo are blocked by pre-treatment with P2 receptor antagonists PPADS (100 μM) or MRS2279 (50 μM). Values are means±s.e.m. Numbers in parentheses indicate sample sizes. *P<0.01 compared with the effect of M-polyP applied alone (ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer’s post hoc test).