Table 1.

Example climate-adaptation actions recommended for achieving management goals in light of actual or hypothesized climate change effects under 2 climate scenarios^a considered at each Southwest Climate Change Initiative workshop

Landscape	Conservation feature	Management goal	Actual or hypothesized climate-change effects	Strategic adaptation actions
Jemez Mountains, New Mexico	natural stream flow regime	maintain sufficient water in the system to support aquatic species and riparian vegetation.	reduced snowpack and greater variability in precipitation; reduced stream base flows	restore beaver to streams build artificial structures to increase floodplain aquifer recharge
				apply forest thinning treatments that maximize snowpack retention and provide optimal shade to minimize sublimation and evaporation losses
Gunnison River basin, Colorado	Gunnison Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus minimus)	increase and maintain the Gunnison population of Sage-Grouse at >3500 individuals and the Crawford population at >200 individuals.	loss of nesting habitat due to increased fire frequency, cheatgrass invasion, and sagebrush dieback; decreased habitat quality due to a decline in forbs and perennial grasses; reduced recruitment	improve or restore nesting and wintering habitats improve or reestablish leeward mountain shrub habitats (e.g., snowberry, serviceberry) via fencing and planting
				maintain and expand perennial grass and forb cover by planting and fencing; abate or prevent cheatgrass encroachment by spraying
Four Forests Restoration Initiative area, Arizona	Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest watershed function	maintain or improve watershed function in systems dominated by ponderosa pine by maintaining and improving water quality, quantity, and timing of flow for surface and ground water; soil productivity; and recharge-to-runoff ratio.	increased temperature leads to increased potential evapotranspiration and decreased recharge; increased moisture stress for plants and lower base flows in rivers and streams that affect aquatic species	apply forest-restoration treatments (e.g., thinning, controlled burns) to reduce fire risk and drought-induced tree mortality, increase herbaceous ground cover, and enhance infiltration, soil moisture and recharge
				plan for 6-year (on average) fire rotation to maintain water yield benefits
Bear River basin, Utah/ Wyoming/Idaho	Bonneville cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki utah)	maintain or expand the number of viable populations of Bonneville cutthroat trout in the Bear River Basin by maintaining or restoring Bonneville cutthroat trout habitat, ecology and life history.	higher air temperatures increase evapotranspiration, decrease summer base flow, and raise summer water temperature, resulting in an expansion of uninhabitable reaches	restore connectivity between river mainstem and tributaries by rewatering streams to facilitate trout dispersal protect habitat in reaches that provide thermal refugia
				lower the depth of water outflow from hydropower and irrigation reservoirs to reduce downstream water temperature

^aFuture climate scenarios for each workshop are detailed in Supporting Information. Although many of the actions identified at each workshop were considered applicable under both climate scenarios (as is the case with the examples provided here), there were examples where different, additional, or modified actions were identified for the second scenario. Complete lists of adaptation actions identified for each conservation feature can be found in landscape-specific workshop reports at http://bit.ly/jnerFG.