Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author | Year | Country | Teaching hospital(s) | Respondents | EBP aspects studied* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmadi17 | 2008 | Iran | Yes | Internal medicine interns, residents and fellows | 1,2,3 |
| Al-Almaie18 | 2004 | Saudi Arabia | No | Doctors from various specialties | 5 |
| Al-Omari19 | 2009 | Jordan | Both | Specialists, fellows, residents from various specialties | 1,2,4,5,6 |
| Al-Omari20 | 2006 | Saudi Arabia | Both | Consultant physicians from various specialties | 1,2,3,5 |
| Amin10 | 2007 | Ireland | Yes | Otorhinolaryngology surgical trainees | 1,4 |
| Andersson21 | 2007 | Sweden | Yes | Trainee and specialist paediatric nurses | 5 |
| Brown22 | 2009 | USA | Yes | Nurses from various specialties | 5,6 |
| Brown23 | 2010 | USA | Both | Nurses from various specialties | 5 |
| Chiu24 | 2010 | Taiwan | No | Doctors and nurses from various specialties | 1,2,5 |
| Gale25 | 2009 | USA | No | Staff nurses and nurse managers from 8 ICUs | 1,5,6 |
| Gerrish26 | 2008 | UK | Both | Nurses from various specialties | 5 |
| Hadley27 | 2007 | UK | No | Junior doctors | 1,2 |
| Kitto28 | 2007 | Australia | No | Surgeons | 5 |
| Koehn29 | 2008 | USA | No | Staff nurses, unit managers, clinical advisors | 1,5 |
| Lai30 | 2010 | Malaysia | No | Doctors, nursing and allied health staff before attending EBM workshop | 1,5 |
| Melnyk31 | 2004 | USA | Unknown | Nurses before attending EBP workshops | 1,5 |
| Mehrdad32 | 2008 | Iran | Yes | Clinical nurses and nurse educators | 5,6 |
| Mittal33 | 2010 | India | No | Surgical trainees attending continuing education meeting | 1,2,3,4,5 |
| Nwagwu34 | 2008 | Nigeria | Yes | Consultants in tertiary healthcare institutions | 2,3 |
| Olivieri35 | 2004 | Denmark | Yes | Doctors from various specialties | 2,4 |
| Oranta36 | 2002 | Finland | No | Staff and ward nurses | 5,6 |
| Palfreyman37 | 2003 | UK | Yes | Nurses and physiotherapists from various specialties | 2,5 |
| Parahoo38 | 2001 | N-Ireland | No | Medical and surgical nurses | 1,5,6 |
| Poolman39 | 2007 | Netherlands | Unknown | Orthopaedic surgeons | 1,2,4 |
| Roth40 | 2010 | Canada | Unknown | English-speaking urology residents participating in national review course | 2,3,4,5 |
| Scales41 | 2008 | USA | Both | American Urology Association members | 1,5 |
| Sur42 | 2006 | USA | Unknown | American Urology Association members | 1,3,4 |
| Ubbink43 | 2011 | Netherlands | Yes | Doctors and nurses from various specialties | 1,2,3,4,5,6 |
| Ulvenes44 | 2009 | Norway | Unknown | Reference panel of Norwegian physicians | 1,2 |
| Upton45 | 2005 | UK | Unknown | Doctors from various specialties | 2,5,6 |
| Veness46 | 2003 | Australia & New Zealand | Unknown | Radiation oncologists and registrars | 1,2,3,4,6 |
*1=Attitude; 2=skills; 3=awareness; 4=knowledge; 5=barriers; 6=facilitators.
EBM, evidence-based medicine; EBP,evidence-based practice; ICU, intensive care unit.