Table 2.
Quality characteristics of included studies
| Author | Centres (N) | Respondents (N) | Response rate (%) | Questionnaire robustness* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmadi17 | 1 | 104 | 80 | + |
| Al-Almaie18 | 3 | 273 | 67 | – |
| Al-Omari19 | 5 | 386 | 97 | ++ |
| Al-Omari20 | 9 | 178 | 86 | ++ |
| Amin10 | Countrywide | 19 | 95 | ++ |
| Andersson21 | 2 | 113 | 80 | ++ |
| Brown22 | 1 | 458 | 45 | ++ |
| Brown23 | 4 | 974 | 75 | ++ |
| Chiu24 | 61 | 1156 | 69 | ++ |
| Gale25 | 1 | 92 | 22 | ++ |
| Gerrish26 | 2 | 598 | 42 | ++ |
| Hadley27 | Several | 317 | 100 | ++ |
| Kitto28 | Several | 25 | 50 | + |
| Koehn29 | 1 | 422 | 41 | ++ |
| Lai30 | 2 | 144 | 72 | + |
| Melnyk31 | Several | 160 | 100 | + |
| Mehrdad32 | 15 | 410 | 70 | ++ |
| Mittal33 | 22 | 93 | 85 | ++ |
| Nwagwu34 | 10 | 89 | 89 | – |
| Olivieri35 | 1 | 225 | 60 | ++ |
| Oranta36 | 2 | 253 | 80 | ++ |
| Palfreyman37 | 1 | 106 | 24 | ++ |
| Parahoo38 | 10 | 479 | 53 | ++ |
| Poolman39 | Countrywide | 367 | 60 | ++ |
| Roth40 | Several | 29 | 100 | ++ |
| Scales41 | Countrywide | 365 | 72 | ++ |
| Sur42 | Countrywide | 714 | 9 | ++ |
| Ubbink43 | 1 | 701 | 72 | ++ |
| Ulvenes44 | Countrywide | 976 | 70 | – |
| Upton45 | Countrywide | 381 | 76 | ++ |
| Veness46 | Countrywide | 191 | 79 | ++ |
| Total | 24 (77%) >1 Centre |
25 (81%) >100 Respondents |
23 (74%) ≥60% Response |
24 (77%) |
*Robustness based on pilot testing, previous validation, or Cronbach's α.