Table 3.
Changes in primary and secondary outcomes.
| Variablea | Studies (#) | ES (#) | Participants (#) | (95% CI) | Z (P) | Q (P) | I 2 (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | |||||||
| Femoral neck | 7 | 9 | 466 | 0.342 (0.132, 0.553) | 3.19 (0.001)* | 10.8 (0.22) | 25.7 |
| Lumbar spine | 5 | 6 | 402 | 0.201 (0.009, 0.394) | 2.05 (0.04)* | 3.3 (0.65) | 0 |
| Secondary | |||||||
| Ward's triangle | 3 | 4 | 162 | 0.088 (−0.207, 0.383) | 0.59 (0.56) | 2.9(0.41) | 0 |
| Trochanteric | 7 | 10 | 521 | 0.085 (−0.097, 0.267) | 0.92 (0.36) | 10.5 (0.31) | 14.1 |
| Body weight (kg) | 5 | 5 | 296 | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.3) | 0.93 (0.35) | 2.1 (0.72) | 0 |
| Strength (upper body) | 3 | 3 | 295 | 0.49 (0.28, 0.70) | 4.56 (0.0001)* | 1.2 (0.56) | 0 |
| Strength (lower body) | 4 | 5 | 346 | 0.45 (0.14, 0.75) | 2.88 (0.004)* | 8.78 (0.07)** | 54.4 |
aUnless noted otherwise, all outcomes are reported as standardized effect size (g); ES: effect size; #: number; participants (#): number of exercise and control participants nested within ES's and studies; Z (P): Z score and alpha value; Q (P): Cochran's Q statistic and alpha value; I 2 (%): I squared; *statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05); **trend for statistical significance (P > 0.05 to ≤0.10).