Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and controls
| Cases | Controls | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n = 149 | n = 227 | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 7–10 | 59 (39.6%) | 56 (24.7%) | |
| 11–14 | 70 (47.0%) | 110 (48.5%) | |
| 15–19 | 20 (13.4%) | 61 (26.9%) | 0.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 83 (55.7%) | 129 (56.8%) | |
| Female | 66 (44.3%) | 98 (43.2%) | 0.830 |
| Maternal education level [5] | |||
| Complete secondary or higher | 14 (9.4%) | 16 (7.2%) | |
| Complete primary or incomplete secondary | 55 (36.9%) | 94 (42.3%) | |
| Illiterate or incomplete primary | 80 (53.7%) | 112 (50.5%) | 0.506 |
| Excreta disposal | |||
| Toilet or latrine | 85 (57.1%) | 136 (59.9%) | |
| Open field | 64 (42.9%) | 91 (40.1%) | 0.581 |
| Birth order | |||
| 1st–3rd | 58 (38.9%) | 78 (34.4%) | |
| ≥ 4th | 91 (61.1%) | 149 (65.6%) | 0.368 |
| Maternal allergic diseases | |||
| No | 60 (40.3%) | 162 (71.4%) | |
| Yes | 89 (59.7%) | 65 (28.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Maternal smoking | |||
| No | 118 (79.2%) | 193 (85.0%) | |
| Yes | 31 (20.8%) | 34 (15.0%) | 0.144 |
| Skin prick reaction | |||
| Any allergen (dust mite or cockroach) | |||
| Negative (< 3 mm) | 120 (80.5%) | 198 (87.2%) | |
| Positive (≥ 3 mm) | 29 (19.5%) | 29 (12.8%) | 0.079 |
| Dust mite | 21 (14.1%) | 18 (7.9%) | 0.055 |
| Cockroach | 10 (6.7%) | 15 (6.6%) | 0.969 |
| Grass mix | 1 (0.7%) | 3 (1.3%) | 0.548 |
| Cat | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.336 |
| Dog | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.216 |
| Fungi | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Alternaria | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.417 |
| Allergen specific IgE (asIgE) | |||
| Any asIgE (dust mite or cockroach) | |||
| Negative (< 0.70 kU/L) | 100 (67.1%) | 171 (75.3%) | |
| Positive (≥ 0.70 kU/L) | 49 (32.9%) | 56 (24.7%) | 0.082 |
| Any asIgE levels (dust mite or cockroach) | |||
| < 0.70 kU/L | 100 (67.1%) | 171 (76.2%) | |
| 0.70–3.49 kU/L | 25 (16.8%) | 42 (18.5%) | |
| ≥ 3.50 kU/L | 24 (16.1%) | 14 (6.2%) | 0.007 |
| IgE to dust mite (≥ 0.70 kU/L) | 34 (22.8%) | 38 (16.7%) | 0.143 |
| IgE to cockroach (≥ 0.70 kU/L) | 26 (17.5%) | 31 (13.7%) | 0.316 |
| Anti-Ascaris IgE (≥ 0.70 kU/L) | 115 (77.2%) | 130 (57.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm [14] | |||
| No | 121 (85.8%) | 213 (96.4%) | |
| Yes | 20 (14.2%) | 8 (3.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Geohelminth infections [13] | |||
| Any geohelminth | 64 (74.4%) | 65 (73.0%) | 0.835 |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 65 (45.8%) | 105 (47.5%) | 0.746 |
| Trichuris trichiura | 82 (57.8%) | 129 (58.4%) | 0.906 |
| Hookworm | 9 (6.3%) | 20 (9.1%) | 0.352 |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.422 |
*
Comparison of cases and control subjects: X2 or Fisher's exact test.
Number of missing values are given in parentheses.
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm: 10% fall in FEV1 after exercise.