Table 5.
Associations of markers of geohelminth infection with wheeze, and presence of skin prick test reactivity (SPT) and allergen specific IgE (asIgE) to house dust mite and cockroach
| Wheeze OR (CI 95%) | SPT (≥ 3 mm) OR (CI 95%) | asIgE OR (CI 95%) | Atopic wheeze OR (CI 95%) | Non-atopic wheeze OR (CI 95%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Ascaris IgE | |||||
| < 0.70 kU/L | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≥ 0.70 kU/L | 2.24 (1.33–3.78) | 1.15 (0.45–2.95) | 5.34 (2.49–11.45) | 6.98 (2.69–18.08) | 2.67 (1.48–4.81) |
| P=0.003 | P = 0.761 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.001 | P< 0.001 | |
| A. lumbricoides infection | |||||
| Negative | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Positive | 0.90 (0.55-1.48) | 0.82 (0.41–1.64) | 0.86 (0.53–1.41) | 0.76 (0.37–1.55) | 0.99 (0.57–1.73) |
| P = 0.680 | P = 0.570 | P = 0.549 | P = 0.447 | P = 0.976 | |
| T. trchiura infection | |||||
| Negative | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Positive | 0.72 (0.44–1.18) | 0.42 (0.17–0.99) | 0.78 (0.47–1.28) | 0.47 (0.22–0.98) | 0.82 (0.46–1.47) |
| P = 0.187 | P = 0.053 | P = 0.318 | P = 0.043 | P = 0.510 | |
| Geohelminth infections | |||||
| Negative | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Positive | 0.94 (0.55–1.62) | 0.68 (0.32–1.47) | 0.74 (0.44–1.23) | 0.49 (0.23–1.04) | 1.20 (0.63–2.26) |
| P = 0.828 | P = 0.327 | P = 0.238 | P = 0.064 | P = 0.581 | |
| Geohelminth ova/anti-Ascaris IgE | |||||
| Ova -/IgE- | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Ova +/IgE- | 0.80 (0.33–1.91) | 0.64 (0.10–3.99) | 0.30 (0.04–2.31) | – | 1.02 (0.40–2.61) |
| P = 0.614 | P = 0.628 | P = 0.245 | – | P = 0.961 | |
| Ova -/ IgE+ | 2.18 (1.08–4.42) | 1.01 (0.40–2.54) | 3.54 (1.48–8.45) | 4.26 (1.35–13.39) | 2.58 (1.13–5.91) |
| P = 0.030 | P = 0.982 | P = 0.005 | P = 0.013 | P = 0.025 | |
| Ova +/ IgE+ | 2.03 (1.01–4.05) | 0.94 (0.40–2.19) | 3.36 (1.53–7.38) | 3.73 (1.20–11.61) | 2.39 (1.06–5.38) |
| P = 0.046 | P = 0.885 | P = 0.003 | P = 0.023 | P = 0.036 | |
Statistically significant (P < 0.05) ORs are shown in bold. All wheeze outcomes refer to wheeze within the previous 12 months (recent wheeze). Geohelminth ova or infections represent presence of ova of A. lumbricoides and/or T. trichiura. OR for 4-way analysis of Ova/IgE were adjusted for a priori confounders only. ORs for two-level geohelminth exposures were adjusted for the following confounders: wheeze – age, sex, maternal allergic disease, maternal smoking, maternal education, family income, birth order, excreta disposal, dog inside house currently and recent anthelminthic treatment; atopic markers – age, sex, maternal education, family income, birth order, excreta disposal and recent anthelminthic treatment. Atopic wheeze was defined as wheeze within the previous 12 months in the presence of ≥ 0.70 kU/L of house dust mite and or cockroach.