Table 2b.
Hazard Ratios (95% confidence intervals) of developing clinical PAD according to quartile of homeostatic model of insulin resistance
| HOMA-IR quartile |
Cases | Adjusted for age, race, gender, cohort and field center |
Multivariable Model Aa |
Multivariable Model Bb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 18 | 0.87 (0.40-1.88) | 0.91 (0.41-1.99) | 0.84 (0.38-1.85) |
| 3 | 41 | 1.23 (0.61-2.46) | 1.18 (0.58-2.41) | 0.96 (0.46-1.97), |
| 4 | 88 | 2.14 (1.11-4.14) | 2.30 (1.15-4.58) | 1.62 (0.80-3.30) |
| p for linear trend |
<0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
a
additionally adjusted for potential confounders, including smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol consumption, exercise intensity, body mass index
b
adjusted for covariates in model-A plus potential causal intermediary factors, including blood pressure category (normotensive, prehypertensive or hypertensive), LDL/HDL ratio, use of lipid-lowering medications, estimated glomerular filtration rate using cystatin C, known cardiovascular disease, and known cerebrovascular disease