Figure 3. Expression of primary dysmenorrhea-related genes by quantitative RT-PCR array on the seventh day before menstruation, and the first and fifth days of menstruation.

Compared with the unaffected control group, the primary dysmenorrhea group has the relatively low expression of genes (BMP6, GDF5, GDF11, NODAL, IL1F5, IL11 and MSTN), and high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1B, TNF, IL6, and IL8).