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. 2012 Nov 15;18(1):1437–1448. doi: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00279

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The effect of chlorogenic acid on in vitro cytokine and chemokine release. Cytokine and chemokine release from macrophages were determined after 16 h of LPS stimulation in the presence or absence of various concentrations of chlorogenic acid (CA). The effects of CA on basal and LPS-induced release of HMGB1 (A), MIP-2 (B), MCP-1 (C), TNF-α (D), IL-1β (E), IL-6 (F) and IL-12 (G) were determined. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 8. Statistically significant differences from the control group (**P < 0.01). Statistically significant differences from the LPS-treated control group (+P < 0.05 and ++P < 0.01).