Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in the Women’s Health Initiative study population distributed by snoring status
| Variable | Overall (N=42,244) | Frequency of snoring (times/wk)
|
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (N=19,886) | <1 - 4 (N=13,734) | ≥ 5 (N=8624) | |||
| Age (years) | 62.6 ( 7.2) | 62.8 (7.5) | 62.3 (7.0) | 62.5 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| Race | |||||
| Black/African American | 7.5% | 6.3% | 7.2% | 11.0% | <0.001 |
| Caucasian | 84.5% | 87.0% | 84.7% | 78.6% | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 3.6% | 2.5% | 4.1% | 5.6% | |
| Asian | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 3.1% | |
| Other | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.8% | |
| Education | |||||
| Less than High School Grad | 4.4% | 3.2% | 4.5% | 6.8% | <0.001 |
| High School Graduate | 15.1% | 13.3% | 15.9% | 18.2% | |
| Some College | 35.6% | 33.9% | 36.6% | 37.8% | |
| College Graduate | 44.9% | 49.6% | 43.0% | 37.2% | |
| Income (% annual household) | |||||
| <$20,000 | 12.4% | 11.1% | 10.5% | 18.1% | <0.001 |
| $20,000 - $49,999 | 40.6% | 38.6% | 40.8% | 44.6% | |
| ≥$50,000 | 47.1% | 50.3% | 48.6% | 37.3% | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married or partnered | 71.1% | 69.5% | 78.3% | 63.5% | <0.001 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 28.9% | 30.5% | 21.7% | 36.5% | |
| Body Mass Index (mean kg/m2) | 27.2 (5.9) | 25.5 (12.1) | 27.7 (5.8) | 30.3 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125.9 (17.7) | 124.1 (17.7) | 126.6 (17.4) | 128.9 (17.4) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 74.9 (9.3) | 74.0 (9.2) | 75.4 (9.2) | 76.3 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia† | 9.4% | 8.0% | 10.4% | 11.3% | <0.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 3.1% | 2.1% | 3.1% | 5.4% | <0.001 |
| Smoker | |||||
| Never | 52.2% | 54.7% | 51.1% | 48.3% | <0.001 |
| Past | 42.2% | 41.0% | 43.1% | 43.5% | |
| Current | 5.6% | 42.7% | 5.8% | 8.2% | |
| Alcohol (servings/week) | 2.6 (5.3) | 2.6 (5.1) | 2.9 (5.4) | 2.4 (5.4) | 0.036 |
| Depression (CES-D/DIS) | 10.5% | 8.7% | 10.3% | 15.0% | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (met-hours/wk) | 14.4 (14.8) | 16.3 (15.7) | 13.7 (13.8) | 10.46 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| WHIIRS* | 6.6 (4.5) | 6.2 (4.4) | 6.6 (4.3) | 7.4 (4.7) | <0.001 |
*
WHI Insomnia Rating Scale - greater number indicates higher level of sleep disturbance
†
Defined as individuals taking lipid-lowering medications and who had been told by a physician that they had high cholesterol