Table 4.

Multivariate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for premenopausal breast cancer according to alcohol intake and smoking status for dietary carotenoids and vitamin A

	Alcohol1		Smoking1
	< 2 drinks/wk	2 or more drinks/wk	Never	Ever
	1460 cases, 1643 controls	903 cases, 951 controls	1221 cases, 1313 controls	1137 cases, 1266 controls
α-carotene
Quintile 1	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Quintile 2	0.85 (0.68 – 1.06)	0.96 (0.71 – 1.29)	0.93 (0.72 – 1.21)	0.81 (0.64 – 1.04)
Quintile 3	1.00 (0.79 – 1.25)	0.84 (0.62 – 1.15)	1.07 (0.82 – 1.38)	0.81 (0.62 – 1.05)
Quintile 4	0.81 (0.65 – 1.02)	1.07 (0.79 – 1.45)	1.02 (0.79 – 1.31)	0.83 (0.64 – 1.07)
Quintile 5	0.76 (0.61 – 0.96)	0.91 (0.67 – 1.22)	0.90 (0.70 – 1.16)	0.72 (0.55 – 0.93)
P for trend	0.009	0.80	0.64	0.03
	P for interaction = 0.19		P for interaction = 0.14
β-carotene
Quintile 1	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Quintile 2	0.86 (0.69 – 1.07)	0.95 (0.69 – 1.31)	0.86 (0.67 – 1.11)	0.92 (0.71 – 1.18)
Quintile 3	0.81 (0.65 – 1.01)	0.87 (0.64 – 1.19)	0.90 (0.70 – 1.15)	0.78 (0.60 – 1.02)
Quintile 4	0.74 (0.59 – 0.92)	0.84 (0.61 – 1.15)	0.81 (0.63 – 1.04)	0.73 (0.56 – 0.95)
Quintile 5	0.81 (0.64 – 1.02)	0.85 (0.62 – 1.16)	0.83 (0.64 – 1.08)	0.79 (0.61 – 1.03)
P for trend	0.007	0.21	0.14	0.02
	P for interaction = 0.40		P for interaction = 0.32
β-cryptoxanthin
Quintile 1	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Quintile 2	1.09 (0.87 – 1.35)	0.92 (0.69 – 1.23)	1.10 (0.85 – 1.43)	0.95 (0.75 – 1.21)
Quintile 3	1.16 (0.93 – 1.45)	1.03 (0.77 – 1.39)	1.24 (0.96 – 1.61)	1.02 (0.79 – 1.31)
Quintile 4	1.02 (0.81 – 1.29)	0.93 (0.69 – 1.26)	1.18 (0.90 – 1.54)	0.85 (0.65 – 1.10)
Quintile 5	1.15 (0.91 – 1.46)	1.04 (0.76 – 1.43)	1.15 (0.88 – 1.51)	1.12 (0.85 – 1.47)
P for trend	0.80	0.78	0.29	0.85
	P for interaction = 0.72		P for interaction = 0.38
Vitamin A
Quintile 1	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Quintile 2	0.94 (0.76 – 1.17)	0.85 (0.62 – 1.16)	0.91 (0.71 – 1.17)	0.89 (0.69 – 1.15)
Quintile 3	0.83 (0.67 – 1.04)	0.90 (0.66 – 1.23)	0.90 (0.70 – 1.16)	0.84 (0.65 – 1.09)
Quintile 4	0.76 (0.61 – 0.95)	0.87 (0.64 – 1.19)	0.81 (0.64 – 1.05)	0.80 (0.61 – 1.03)
Quintile 5	0.86 (0.67 – 1.07)	0.79 (0.57 – 1.07)	0.88 (0.68 – 1.15)	0.75 (0.58 – 0.97)
P for trend	0.009	0.21	0.21	0.02
	P for interaction = 0.73		P for interaction = 0.16
Lutein/zeaxanthin
Quintile 1	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Quintile 2	1.04 (0.84 – 1.29)	0.94 (0.68 – 1.29)	1.04 (0.81 – 1.33)	0.96 (0.72 – 1.25)
Quintile 3	0.79 (0.63 – 0.98)	0.86 (0.63 – 1.18)	0.77 (0.60 – 0.99)	0.88 (0.67 – 1.14)
Quintile 4	0.91 (0.73 – 1.13)	0.85 (0.62 – 1.17)	0.94 (0.73 – 1.22)	0.83 (0.64 – 1.07)
Quintile 5	0.82 (0.65 – 1.04)	0.78 (0.57 – 1.07)	0.80 (0.61 – 1.05)	0.80 (0.62 – 1.05)
P for trend	0.02	0.11	0.07	0.06
	P for interaction = 0.33		P for interaction = 0.61
Lycopene
Quintile 1	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Quintile 2	1.30 (0.99 – 1.72)	0.91 (0.61 – 1.36)	1.14 (0.83 – 1.58)	1.16 (0.85 – 1.60)
Quintile 3	1.20 (0.94 – 1.53)	0.87 (0.61 – 1.23)	1.08 (0.81 – 1.44)	1.10 (0.83 – 1.45)
Quintile 4	1.39 (1.08 – 1.78)	1.14 (0.79 – 1.63)	1.39 (1.03 – 1.86)	1.23 (0.92 – 1.63)
Quintile 5	1.35 (1.05 – 1.72)	0.81 (0.58 – 1.15)	1.22 (0.92 – 1.62)	1.04 (0.78 – 1.37)
P for trend	0.04	0.51	0.08	0.81
	P for interaction = 0.01		P for interaction = 0.22

¹Odds ratios are adjusted for age, state, family history of breast cancer, age at first birth, alcohol intake, education, age at menarche, benign breast disease, multivitamin use, body mass index, smoking (status and pack years), and parity