Table 4.
Results of the physiological test parameters before and after five weeks interventions with 3g/d omega-3 PUFA from fish oil and placebo, respectively
| Physiological parameters | Omega-3 | Placebo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Before |
After |
Δ-Omega-31 |
Before |
After |
Δ- Placebo2 |
Δ3 |
| Weigh (kg) |
72.1±2.0 |
72.3±2.0 |
0.2±0.1 |
72.3±2.0 |
72.2±2.0 |
−0.1±0.1 |
ns |
| Systolic BP (mmhg)4 |
134±3 |
127±3 |
−7±2*** |
132±3 |
131±3 |
−1±2 |
P≤0.05 |
| Diastolic BP (mmhg)5 |
79.2±1.4 |
76.9±1.4 |
−2.24±1.0* |
78.8±1.2 |
77.3±1.4 |
−1.46±0.8 |
ns |
| f-Glucose (mmol/L, n=37) |
5.4±0.1 |
5.5±0.1 |
0.1±0.1 |
5.5±0.1 |
5.4±0.1 |
−0.1±0.1 |
ns |
| ΔGlucose peak (mmol/L) |
4.2±0.2 |
4.0±0.2 |
−0.2±0.2 |
4.3±0.2 |
4.2±0.2 |
−0.1±0.2 |
ns |
| Glucose 90 min IAUC (mmol*min/L) |
217±13 |
213±11 |
−4±1 |
225±10 |
226±11 |
1±10 |
ns |
| Insulin (pmol/L)6 |
35±3 |
40±3 |
5±2* |
37±3 |
43±04 |
6±3† |
ns |
| FFA (mmol/L)7 |
0.28±0.02 |
0.26±0.02 |
−0.03±0.02 |
0.28±0.02 |
0.31±0.02 |
0.03±0.02 |
P=0.055 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)8 |
1.63±0.10 |
1.45±0.09 |
−0.19±0.07* |
1.58±0.10 |
1.66±0.11 |
0.08±0.07 |
P≤0.05 |
| TNF-α (ng/L) |
9.8±1.0 |
9.3±0.9 |
−0.48±0.44 |
8.9±0.8 |
8.5±0.8 |
−0.43±0.30 |
ns |
| Adiponectin (mg/L) |
12±1 |
12±1 |
0±0 |
12±1 |
12±1 |
0±0 |
ns |
| Malondialdehyd (μmol/L) | 2.0±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 | 0.1±0.1 | 1.9±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 | 0.1±0.1 | ns |
1 Changes (Δ) in test variables after 5 weeks PUFA supplementation compared with baseline (prior to start of PUFA). 2 Changes (Δ) in test variables after 5 weeks placebo supplementation compared with baseline (prior to start of placebo).
*: p < 0.05, ***: p < 0.001 (ANOVA) with respect to differences from baseline after 5 weeks intervention with PUFA.
†: p < 0.05 (ANOVA) with respect to differences from baseline after 5 weeks intake of the placebo.
3 P-values for differences between effects of PUFA (Δ-PUFA) and effects of placebo (Δ- placebo).
4 The systolic blood pressure was significantly more suppressed after 5 weeks supplementation with omega-3 PUFA compared with after 5 weeks with placebo [F(1,36) = 4.56, p = 0.04, d = 0.46]. The systolic BP was significantly lower after, compared to prior to the omega-3 period [F(1,36) = 14.70, p = 0.0005, d = 0.33]. n=37 in the BP analysis due to one participant failed to rest prior to one measurement.
5 The diastolic BP was significantly lower after, compared to prior to the omega-3 period [F(1,36) = 5.27, p = 0.028, d = 0.26]. There was a tendency toward lower diastolic BP after, compared with prior to the placebo period [F(1,36) = 3.31, p = 0.08, d = 0.19].
6 The s-insulin concentrations were significantly higher after, compared to prior to the omega-3 period [F(1,37) = 6,14, p = 0.018, d = 0.28] and placebo period [F(1,37) = 4.11, p = 0.050, d = 0.30], respectively.
7 There was a tendency towards concentrations of FFA to be more suppressed compared with after the placebo [F(1,37) = 3.94, p = 0.055, d = ], however, the concentrations of FFA after 5 weeks supplementation with omega-3 PUFA did not differ compared to prior omega-3 PUFA.
8The concentrations of s-triglycerides were significantly lower after, compared to prior to the omega-3 period [F(1,37) = 6.87, p = 0.013, d = 0.32], and significantly more suppressed after 5 weeks supplementation with omega-3 PUFA compared with after the placebo [F(1,37) = 4.05, p = 0.05, d = 0.59 ].
Abbreviations: ns: no significant differences between Δ-PUFA and Δ- placebo (ANOVA), f: fasting. P: plasma. S: serum. IAUC: incremental area under the curve. BP: blood pressure.
Values are mean±SEM. Statistical evaluations are performed with analysis of variance (ANOVA general linear model). N = 38, except for evaluation of BP, (n = 37).