Table 3.
Univariate analysis of factors associated with trichuriasis among Orang Asli children in Lipis, Pahang (n = 484)
|
Variables |
Trichuriasis |
OR(95% CI) |
P value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No. examined |
Infected |
|||
| n (%) | ||||
|
Age |
|
|
|
|
| School-age |
293 |
236 (80.5) |
3.0 (2.0, 4.5) |
<0.001* |
| Pre-school-age |
191 |
111 (58.1) |
1 |
|
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
| Male |
249 |
176 (70.7) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
0.611 |
| Female |
235 |
171 (72.8) |
1 |
|
|
Father’s educational levels | ||||
| Non educated (< 6 years) |
159 |
109 (68.6) |
0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
0.319 |
| Educated (≥ 6 years) |
314 |
229 (72.9) |
1 |
|
|
Mother’s educational levels | ||||
| Non educated (< 6 years) |
233 |
172 (73.8) |
1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
0.291 |
| Educated (≥ 6 years) |
249 |
173 (69.5) |
1 |
|
|
Father’s employment status | ||||
| Not working |
360 |
250 (69.4) |
1.6 (0.9, 2.6) |
0.083 |
| Working |
113 |
88 (77.9) |
1 |
|
|
Mother’s employment status | ||||
| Not working |
463 |
333 (71.9) |
0.7 (0.3, 1.7) |
0.406 |
| Working |
19 |
12 (63.2) |
1 |
|
|
Household monthly income | ||||
| < RM500 |
322 |
234 (72.7) |
1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
0.501 |
| ≥ RM500 |
162 |
113 (69.8) |
1 |
|
|
Family size |
|
|
|
|
| ≥ 7 members (large) |
298 |
212 (71.1) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
0.732 |
| < 7 members |
186 |
135 (72.6) |
1 |
|
|
Presence of toilet in house | ||||
| No |
218 |
151 (69.3) |
0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
0.283 |
| Yes |
266 |
196 (73.7) |
1 |
|
|
Presence of domestic animals | ||||
| Yes |
363 |
262 (72.2) |
1.1 (0.7, 1.7) |
0.683 |
| No |
121 |
85 (70.2) |
1 |
|
|
Source of drinking water | ||||
| Unsafe source (river, rain) |
236 |
190 (80.5) |
2.4 (1.6, 3.6) |
<0.001* |
| Safe source (pipe) |
248 |
157 (63.3) |
1 |
|
|
Washing hands before eating | ||||
| No |
279 |
204 (73.1) |
1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
0.417 |
| Yes |
205 |
143 (69.8) |
1 |
|
|
Washing hands after defecation | ||||
| No |
191 |
147 (77.0) |
1.6 (1.0, 2.4) |
0.038* |
| Yes |
293 |
200 (68.3) |
1 |
|
|
Indiscriminate defecation | ||||
| Yes |
323 |
225 (69.7) |
0.7 (0.5, 1.1) |
0.159 |
| No |
161 |
122 (75.8) |
1 |
|
|
Eating soil habit (Geophagy) | ||||
| Yes |
120 |
93 (77.5) |
1.5 (0.9, 0.2) |
0.104 |
| No |
364 |
254 (69.8) |
1 |
|
|
Cutting nails periodically | ||||
| No |
235 |
166 (70.6) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
0.616 |
| Yes |
249 |
181 (72.7) |
1 |
|
|
Wearing shoes when outside | ||||
| No |
191 |
149 (78.0) |
1.7 (1.1, 2.6) |
0.013* |
| Yes |
293 |
198 (67.6) |
1 |
|
|
Washing fruits before eating | ||||
| No |
268 |
191 (71.3) |
1.0 (0.6, 1.4) |
0.817 |
| Yes |
216 |
156 (72.2) |
1 |
|
|
Washing vegetables before eating | ||||
| No |
156 |
113 (72.4) |
1.1 (0.7, 1.6) |
0.803 |
| Yes |
328 |
234 (71.3) |
1 |
|
|
Boiling water before drinking | ||||
| No |
151 |
110 (72.8) |
1.1 (0.7, 1.7) |
0.704 |
| Yes | 160 | 120 (75.0) | 1 | |
RM, Malaysian Ringgit; (US$1 = RM3.15). OR, Odds ratio. CI, Confidence interval. * Significant association (P < 0.05).