. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012 Dec 18;22(2):224–232. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0912

Table 2.

Ratio (95% CI) of Geometric Mean of Biomarkers by Cigarette Type

	N	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Serum cotinine
Non-menthol	3210	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Menthol	1393	1.12 (1.03, 1.22)	1.24 (1.14, 1.34)	—	1.03 (0.95, 1.11)
Blood cadmium
Non-menthol	3210	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Menthol	1393	1.09 (1.03, 1.15)	1.15 (1.09, 1.20)	1.10 (1.05, 1.15)	1.10 (1.04, 1.16)
Blood lead
Non-menthol	3210	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Menthol	1393	1.02 (0.98, 1.07)	1.03 (0.98, 1.08)	1.02 (0.97, 1.07)	0.95 (0.90, 1.01)
Urine NNAL^a
Non-menthol	1118	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Menthol	489	0.85 (0.67, 1.08)	0.92 (0.72, 1.17)	0.76 (0.62, 0.92)	0.81 (0.65, 1.01)

Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, education and body mass index

Model 2 further adjusted for cigarettes smoked per day

Model 3 further adjusted for serum cotinine (for blood cadmium, blood lead and urine NNAL)

Model 4 further adjusted for race/ethnicity

Only available in NHANES 2007-2010 (N= 1607) and further adjusted for urine creatinine