Table 3.
Ratio (95% CI) of Geometric Mean of Biomarkers by Cigarette Type and by Race/Ethnicity a
| N | Serum cotinine | Blood cadmium | Blood lead | Urine NNALb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | |||||
| Non-menthol | 2148 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Menthol | 508 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.79 (0.56, 1.10) |
| African-American | |||||
| Non-menthol | 355 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Menthol | 789 | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.14) |
| Mexican-American | |||||
| Non-menthol | 707 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Menthol | 96 | 1.14 (0.81, 1.60) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.18) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 2.33 (1.40, 3.87) |
| P for interactionc | 0.36 | 0.65 | 0.04 | 0.001 |
a
Adjusted for age, sex, education, body mass index and cigarettes smoked per day
b
Only available in NHANES 2007-2010 (N= 942 White, 414 African-Americans, 251 Mexican-Americans) and further adjusted for urine creatinine
c
P for interaction by cigarette type and race/ethnicity was estimated using indicator variables that combined the participants’ race/ethnicity with their cigarette type (menthol or non-menthol) and combined using the Wald test.