Table 4.
Ratio (95% CI) of Geometric Mean of Biomarkers by Race/Ethnicity
| N | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum cotinine | |||||
| White | 2656 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| African-American | 1144 | 1.16 (1.08, 1.24) | 1.55 (1.44, 1.68) | — | 1.53 (1.41, 1.66) |
| Mexican-American | 803 | 0.28 (0.24, 0.33) | 0.42 (0.36, 0.50) | 0.43 (0.36, 0.50) | |
| Blood cadmium | |||||
| White | 2656 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| African-American | 1144 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.16 (1.11, 1.23) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) |
| Mexican-American | 803 | 0.69 (0.64, 0.74) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.93) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) |
| Blood lead | |||||
| White | 2656 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| African-American | 1144 | 1.25 (1.19, 1.30) | 1.30 (1.24, 1.36) | 1.28 (1.22, 1.34) | 1.31 (1.24, 1.39) |
| Mexican-American | 803 | 1.12 (1.05, 1.20) | 1.19 (1.11, 1.27) | 1.22 (1.14, 1.31) | 1.22 (1.14, 1.31) |
| Urine NNALa | |||||
| White | 942 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| African-American | 414 | 0.69 (0.57, 0.83) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.80) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) |
| Mexican-American | 251 | 0.53 (0.36, 0.79) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) | 1.29 (1.13, 1.47) | 1.28 (1.12, 1.46) |
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, education and body mass index
Model 2 further adjusted for cigarettes smoked per day
Model 3 further adjusted for serum cotinine (for blood cadmium, blood lead and urine NNAL)
Model 4 further adjusted for cigarette type (non-menthol/menthol)
a
Only available in NHANES 2007-2010 (N= 1607) and further adjusted for urine creatinine