Table 1. Demographic characteristics.
| Parameter | Control (n=15) | MDD (n=15) | BD (n=15) | Schizophrenia (n=15) |
Statistical results |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-value | Technique | |||||
| Age at death (years) | 48±11 (29–68) | 47±9 (30–65) | 42±12 (25–61) | 45±13 (25–62) | 0.540 | One-way ANOVA |
| Gender | 9 Male/6 female | 9 Male/6 female | 9 Male/6 female | 9 Male/6 female | — | — |
| PMI (h) | 23.7±9.9 (8–42) | 27.5±10.7 (7–47) | 32.5±16.1 (13–62) | 33.7±14.6 (12–61) | 0.147 | One-way ANOVA |
| Brain (pH) | 6.3±0.2 (5.8–6.6) | 6.2±0.2 (5.8–6.5) | 6.2±0.2 (5.8–6.5) | 6.2±0.3 (5.8–6.6) | 0.611 | One-way ANOVA |
| Side of brain | 7 Right/8 left | 6 Right/9 left | 8 Right/7 left | 6 Right/9 left | 0.864 | χ2 test |
| Brain weight (g) | 1501±164 (1305–1840) | 1462±142 (1240–1740) | 1441±172 (1130–1690) | 1471±108 (1270–1640) | 0.739 | One-way ANOVA |
| Refrigeration interval (h) | 3.6±1.4 (1–6) | 7.9±5.5 (3–21) | 9.5±10 (2–39) | 8.5±7.2 (3–27) | 0.114 | One-way ANOVA |
| Storage days | 2257±234 (1950–2693) | 2353±290 (2005–2850) | 2540±172 (2143–2755) | 2540±233 (1987–2857) | 0.003 | One-way ANOVA |
| Age at onset (years) | — | 33.9±13.3 (11–54) | 21.5±8.3 (7–39) | 23.2±8.0 (13–42) | 0.003 | One-way ANOVAa |
| Duration of disease (years) | — | 12.7±11.1 (1–42) | 20.1±9.7 (6–43) | 21.3±11.4 (5–45) | 0.068 | One-way ANOVAa |
| Death by suicide | 15 No | 8 No/7 Yes | 6 No/9 Yes | 11 No/4 Yes | 0.181 | 2χ testb |
| History of psychosis | — | 15 without | 11 with/4 without | 15 with | 0.100 | Fisher's testc |
| Fluphenazine equivalent (mg) | 0 | 0 | 20 827±24 016 (0–60 000) | 52 267±62 062 (0–200 000) | 0.078 | Unpaired t-testc |
| Obesity index (BMI, kg m−2) | ||||||
| 15–20 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0.335 | χ2 test |
| 21–25 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 3 | ||
| 26–30 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 3 | ||
| 31–35 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| 36–40 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 41–45 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | ||
| SUBS | ||||||
| Never | 12 | 10 | 6 | 9 | 0.377 | χ2 test |
| Current | 1 | 4 | 6 | 4 | ||
| Past | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||
| SUBSSEV | ||||||
| None/little/social | 14 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 0.056 | χ2 test |
| Moderate use (current, past) | 1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | ||
| Heavy use (current, past) | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
| Unknown | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| ETOHSEV | ||||||
| None/little/social | 11 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 0.156 | χ2 test |
| Moderate use (current, past) | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | ||
| Heavy use (current, past) | 0 | 4 | 5 | 3 | ||
| Unknown | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||
| Smoking at the time of death | ||||||
| Yes | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 0.534 | χ2 test |
| No | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | ||
| Unknown | 8 | 5 | 5 | 3 | ||
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; BD, bipolar disorder; ETOHSEV, severity of alcohol abuse; MDD, major depressive disorder; PMI, post-mortem interval; SUBS, history of substance abuse; SUBSSEV, severity of substance abuse.
Values are expressed as means±s.d. (minimum−maximum).
One-way ANOVAs were used only among MDD, BD, and schizophrenia groups. History of SUBS: never, no history of use; current, drug and/or alcohol use at the time of death; past, a history of alcohol and/or drug use but not in the 6 months before death. Group differences in smoking at the time of death were analyzed after excluding unknown subjects.
χ2 Test was used among MDD, BD and schizophrenia groups.
Fisher's exact test and an unpaired t-test were used with the BD and schizophrenia groups.